Poswa irregular nouns

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Irregular nouns

Some y¹ nouns are prone to syncope in their oblique form and forms derived from the oblique.

Syncope is not the only irregularity, however. Some nouns have other unusual quirks, and could be called the irregulars' irregulars. Some of them feature syncope in addition to their other changes.

A

B

baby

The declension of baby "all, whole, entire" is below. This is an unusual word because, although it is considered a noun, it is almost always used immediately after another noun and therefore is seen as a modifier. Thus, it becomes unstressed. It thus has undergone the common sound change bVb ---> b in some of its forms but not others.

Note that this word is etymologically identical with the less common plural ending -by and with the pronoun baby meaning "we", but that the three words diverged long enough ago that the meanings have changed:

NOUN
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative baby babo babe baba babo
(Oblique) bo babo
Accusative bop babop babep babap babop
Locative bom babom babem babam babom
Possessive bos babos babes babas babos
Essive babi babi babul babel babi
Instrumental bub babub babi babob babub

bivibos

The declension of bivibos "skin" is below:

bivibos
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative bivibos bivibo bivibe biviba
(Oblique) bivibo bivibo bivibe biviba
Accusative bivibop bivibop bivibep bivibap
Locative bivibom bivibom bivibem bivibam
Possessive bivibos bivibos bivibes bivibas
Essive bivibi bivibi bivibul bivibel
Instrumental bivibub bivibub bivibi bivibob
Pisfufi bivibap bomby mabiub.
I covered all of her skin with soap.

bis

The declension of bis "substitute, replacement" is below. Note that this word, like baby, was originally an unstressed form of another noun; in this case, biris, which was first syncopated to bris and then simplified to bis. These were both regular sound changes for unstressed syllables, but not for stressed syllables:

bis
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative bis bebo bebe beba bebo
(Oblique) bebo bebo bebe beba bebo
Accusative bebop bebop bebep bebap bebop
Locative bebom bebom bebem bebam bebom
Possessive bebos bebos bebes bebas bebos
Essive bebi bebi bebul bebel bebi
Instrumental bebub bebub bebi bebob bebub

Note that the inflected forms of this word (that is, all but the nominative standalone form) do not have syncope, and thus retain the original /i/ as -e-, because another sound change happened first that removed the environment necessary for the syncope. Also, in some words, the sound change of bris --> bis did not happen, but these words decline the same way as the words ending in bis since the -r- had been removed in all of the inflected forms by another sound change anyway. Also, the full form of the word, biris, is still used as a word by itself, and it has a similar series of forms, the only difference being that the original -i- remains -i- instead of changing to -e-. Thus one can say

Bamba mumbebap pypembaba.
The baby is holding up her pacifier.

blem

Below is the declension for blem "bottle":


blem
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative blem mio mie mia mia
(Oblique) mia mio mie mia mia
Accusative miap miop miep miap miap
Locative miam miom miem miam miam
Possessive mias mios mies mias mias
Essive miel mie miul miel miel
Instrumental miob miub mie miob miob

blub

Below is the declension for blub "milk":


blub
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative blub blwo blwe blwa blwo
(Oblique) blwu blwo blwe blwa blwo
Accusative blwop blwop blwep blwap blwop
Locative blwom blwom blwem blwam blwom
Possessive blwos blwos blwes blwas blwos
Essive blwi blwi blwul blwel blwi
Instrumental blwub blwub blwi blwob blwub

Thus one can say:

Tus,₁ bom₂ blwe₃ miom?₄
Is that₁₂ your milk₃ in my bottle?₄

bub

Note that another common, and very similar, word for milk exists: bub. Bub specifically denotes human breast milk.[1] The two words are related at a very deep level, as blub was long ago originally a compound with bub as its second element, despite the fact that blub has a wider range of meaning. The two declensions are exactly identical save for the presence or absence of the -l- in all forms. Below is the declension for bub "breast milk":


bub
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative bub bwo bwe bwa bwo
(Oblique) bwu bwo bwe bwa bwo
Accusative bwop bwop bwep bwap bwop
Locative bwom bwom bwem bwam bwom
Possessive bwos bwos bwes bwas bwos
Essive bwi bwi bwul bwel bwi
Instrumental bwub bwub bwi bwob bwub

Thus one can say

Plefi!₁ Tus₂ nobellam₃ be₄ bwul?₅
Whoa!₁ This₄ ice cream₃ is₂ made from your breast milk?₅

busipatyt

The declension of busipatyt "morning" is below:

busipatyt
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative busipatyt busipappo busipappe busipappa busipatto
(Oblique) busipatto busipappo busipappe busipappa busipatwo
Accusative busipattop busipappop busipappep busipappap busipatwop
Locative busipattom busipappom busipappem busipappam busipatwom
Possessive busipattos busipappos busipappes busipappas busipatwos
Essive busipatti busipappi busipappul busipappel busipatwi
Instrumental busipattub busipappub busipappi busipappob busipatwub

F

fefappo

The declension of fefappo "metal; hard firm object" is below:

NOUN
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative fefappo fefappypo fefappype fefappypa
(Oblique) fefappwo
Accusative fefappwop fefappypop fefappypep fefappypap
Locative fefappwom fefappypom fefappypem fefappypam
Possessive fefappwos fefappypos fefappypes fefappypas
Essive fefappwi fefappypi fefappypul fefappypel
Instrumental fefappwub fefappypub fefappypi fefappypob

I

K

kuvar

The declension of kuvar "asymmetrical sphere; irregularly shaped bubble" is below:

kuvar
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative kuvar
(Oblique) kuvvo
Accusative kuvvop
Locative kuvvom
Possessive kuvvos
Essive kuvvi
Instrumental kuvvub


L

labal

The declension of labal "bed" is below:

labal
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative labal lablio lablie lablia lablo
(Oblique) lablo lablio lablie lablia labžo
Accusative lablop labliop labliep labliap labžop
Locative lablom labliom labliem labliam labžom
Possessive lablos lablios lablies lablias labžos
Essive labli lablie labliul labliel labži
Instrumental lablub labliub lablie labliob labžub


M

mimap

The declension of mimap "clumsy person, cripple" is below:

mimap
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative mimap mimpio mimpie mimpia mimpo
(Oblique) mimpo mimpio mimpie mimpia mimpfo
Accusative mimpop mimpiop mimpiep mimpiap mimpfop
Locative mimpom mimpiom mimpiem mimpiam mimpfom
Possessive mimpos mimpios mimpies mimpias mimpfos
Essive mimpi mimpie mimpiul mimpiel mimpfi
Instrumental mimpub mimpiub mimpie mimpiob mimpfub

minob

The declension of minob "(preserved) breast milk" is below:

minob
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative minob mimbio mimbie mimbia mimbo
(Oblique) mimbo mimbio mimbie mimbia mimbo
Accusative mimbop mimbiop mimbiep mimbiap mimbop
Locative mimbom mimbiom mimbiem mimbiam mimbom
Possessive mimbos mimbios mimbies mimbias mimbos
Essive mimbi mimbie mimbiul mimbiel mimbi
Instrumental mimbub mimbiub mimbie mimbiob mimbub

mipis

The declension of mipis "sweetheart, lover" is below:

mipis
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative mipis mipsio mipsie mipsia mipso
(Oblique) mipso mipsio mipsie mipsia mipšo
Accusative mipsop mipsiop mipsiep mipsiap mipšop
Locative mipsom mipsiom mipsiem mipsiam mipšom
Possessive mipsos mipsios mipsies mipsias mipšos
Essive mipsi mipsie mipsiul mipsiel mipši
Instrumental mipsub mipsiub mipsie mipsiob mipšub


mom

The declension of mom "mom" is below:

mom
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative mom mama mamap mamas
(Oblique) mio mamwa mamma
Accusative miop mamap mamwap mammap
Locative miom mamam mamwam mammam
Possessive mios mamas mamwas mammas
Essive mie mamel mamwel mammel
Instrumental miub mamob mamwob mammob

For auditory precision, the 3rd possessive forms are often replaced with the otherwise archaic mia- stem, which is the original regular stem of the word. Thus one can say

Mammas! Mias!
His mom's! His mom's!

The mama forms were originally a formal word, and mom was a familiar term, but the two partially switched places when Poswa changed its grammar somewhat and the words for "my mother", "your mother", and so on became three syllables long. For example, the mia above that survives as an alternate form was, at the time, *mugwaba. Mama came to take over because it was a noun of such an old type that it had effectively monomorphemic forms for its possessives, not needing to take a suffix such as -abo.

N

P

pamaš

The declension of pamaš "winter" is below:

pamaš
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pamaš
(Oblique) pampo
Accusative pampop
Locative pampom
Possessive pampos
Essive pampi
Instrumental pampub

Thus one can say

Swo, blob blubo nambvap pampom.
I sleep with my window open in winter.

pes

The declension of pes "hands; hand (plural)" is below:

pes
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pes pifo pife pifa pifa
(Oblique) pipa pifo pife pifa pifa
Accusative pipap pifop pifep pifap pifap
Locative pipam pifom pifem pifam pifam
Possessive pipas pifos pifes pifas pifas
Essive pipel pifi piful pifel pifel
Instrumental pipob pifub pifi pifob pifob

This noun does not normally take a plural suffix since it is seen as plural by default.

Pwopwa₁ pifas₂ plopum₃ pilabel.₄
The children₁ dipped₄ their hands₂ in the paint.₃

Note that the verb is intransitive and that the word for "their hands" is in the possessive case rather than the accusative.

pešaf

The declension of pešaf "book, poem, work of literature" is below:

pešaf
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pešaf pešio pešie pešia pešfo
(Oblique) pešfo pešio pešie pešia pešfo
Accusative pešfop pešiop pešiep pešiap pešfop
Locative pešfom pešiom pešiem pešiam pešfom
Possessive pešfos pešios pešies pešias pešfos
Essive pešfi pešie pešiul pešiel pešfi
Instrumental pešfub pešiub pešie pešiob pešfub

Thus one can say:

Pešiom₁ pwaefae!₂
You're sitting₂ on my books!₁

Note that this is an intransitive verb and that there is no object in this sentence.

pfop

The declension of pfop "hips (dual)" is below:

pfop
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pfop putšo putše putša putša
(Oblique) puwa putšo putše putša putša
Accusative puwap putšop putšep putšap putšap
Locative puwam putšom putšem putšam putšam
Possessive puwas putšos putšes putšas putšas
Essive puwel putši putšul putšel putšel
Instrumental puwob putšub putši putšob putšob

Note that this is the dual form of the word, not the plural, and thus is only used to describe one person's two hips.

Many of this word's forms collide with those of the unrelated word pwap "buttocks" (see below). For further clarity, fep "side" can be added to specify the hips, which turns the word into a regular one. However, this is mostly done with the singular word for hip rather than the dual.

Note that Poswa uses the dual form in many cases where an English speaker would expect the singular:

Putšos mupawabub babužvabbi.
My hip measurement is seven hands.

Using the singular form puvos would be generally understood but would imply that only one hip was measured.

pfwu

The declension of pfwu "diaper" is below:

punu
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pfwu pfwo pfwe pfwa pfwo
(Oblique) pfwu pfwu pfwe pfwa pfwu
Accusative pfwop pfwop pfwep pfwap pfwop
Locative pfwom pfwom pfwem pfwam pfwom
Possessive pfwos pfwos pfwes pfwas pfwos
Essive pfwi pfwi pfwul pfwel pfwi
Instrumental pfwub pfwub pfwi pfwob pfwub

Thus one could say

Bwumbom₁ pfwem?₂
What's that₁ in your diaper?₂

Note that most of the forms of this word are homophonous with forms of pyp "beetle, insect" but this does not cause a problem because in most contexts the two words would not replace each other and because pyp is more often found as the second element of a compound word (e.g. lypelpyp "scorpion") than as a free-standing form.

piraf

The declension of piraf "goal, planned victory" is below:

piraf
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative piraf piffo piffe piffa piffo
(Oblique) piffo piffo piffe piffa piffo
Accusative piffop piffop piffep piffap piffop
Locative piffom piffom piffem piffam piffom
Possessive piffos piffos piffes piffas piffos
Essive piffi piffe pifful piffel piffi
Instrumental piffub piffub piffe piffob piffub


Note that piraf and pešaf do not follow similar patterns because the origins of their final /fʷ/ are different. Pešaf comes from Babakiam peišafu, and piraf comes from Babakiam pivafiu.

Note also that this word is often seen as the second element of the compound bespumpiraf which has the same meaning.

pobba

The declension of pobba "oak tree" is below:

pobba
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pobba pupo pupe pupa
(Oblique) pobba pupo pupe pupa
Accusative pobbap pupop pupep pupap
Locative pobbam pupom pupem pupam
Possessive pobbas pupos pupes pupas
Essive pobbel pupi pupul pupel
Instrumental pobbob pupub pupi pupob

Thus one can say

Pupopi bipempupebi.
I climbed up my oak tree.
Lypel pobbam pwababba.
The squirrel is hiding in an oak tree.
Pampeftio pobbel.
My arrow is made of oak wood.

pobbas

The declension of pobbas "war" is below:

NOUN
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pobbas pobbavo pobbave pobbava
(Oblique) pobbava pobbavo pobbave pobbava
Accusative pobbavap pobbavop pobbavep pobbavap
Locative pobbavam pobbavom pobbavem pobbavam
Possessive pobbavas pobbavos pobbaves pobbavas
Essive pobbavel pobbavi pobbavul pobbavel
Instrumental pobbavob pobbavub pobbavi pobbavob
Potibi pobbavas fub bibubbies.
I fought in the war against the spiders.

pobbop

The declension of pobbop "dung, feces, “poop”" is below. This is a suppletive noun, with part of its declension borrowed from a different (though related) noun that later fell out of use:

pop
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pobbop pobbo pobbe pobba poppwo
(Oblique) poppwo pobbo pobbe pobba poppwo
Accusative poppwop pobbop pobbep pobbap poppwop
Locative poppwom pobbom pobbem pobbam poppwom
Possessive poppwos pobbos pobbes pobbas poppwos
Essive poppwi pobbi pobbul pobbel poppwi
Instrumental poppwub pobbub pobbi pobbob poppwub

The suppletive forms above (the middle three columns) came into use because the speakers were uncomfortable with having a three syllable word for such a commonly talked about thing. If the old forms had survived, they would have become bisyllabic like those of other similar words, but the change happened at a fairly early stage in the language:

Pobbopi pirtafwabo wublob.
I'm pushing my poop away with a stick.

Unlike most of their neighbors, the Poswobs have no significant differences between adults' speech and children's speech; everyone uses the same words for everything. However, they are fond of metaphors and will use unrealistic mental imagery to clearly communicate the thoughts in their mind.

pop

The declension of pop "bathtub, bathing area; shower stall" is below:

pop
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pop poppo poppe poppa poppae
(Oblique) poppe poppo poppe poppa popfwe
Accusative poppep poppop poppep poppap popfwep
Locative poppem poppom poppem poppam popfwem
Possessive poppes poppos poppes poppas popfwes
Essive poppul poppi poppul poppel popfwul
Instrumental poppi poppub poppi poppob popfwi

Thus one can say

Bwumbebe₁ pwarbiep₂ poppem?₃
What did you do₁ to the bubbles₂ in the bathtub?₃

poppel

The declension of poppel "pen for writing, especially one made from a feather" is below:

poppel
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative poppel popfo popfe popfa
(Oblique) popfa popfo popfe popfa
Accusative popfap popfop popfep popfap
Locative popfam popfom popfem popfam
Possessive popfas popfos popfes popfas
Essive popfel popfi popful popfel
Instrumental popfob popfub popfi popfob


pube

Pube is a stem-changing noun, like most nouns that end in -be. This is due to a very old sound change of /bi/ > /ž/ when followed by a vowel. The declension of pube "plant, plants in general" is below:

pube
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pube pužo puže puža pubae
(Oblique) pube pužo puže puža pube
Accusative pubep pužop pužep pužap pubep
Locative pubem pužom pužem pužam pubem
Possessive pubes pužos pužes pužas pubes
Essive pubul puži pužul pužel pubul
Instrumental pubi pužub puži pužob pubi

Thus one can say

Pubes₁ beblalio₂ rappa,₃ bubum?₄
What's₄ the name₃ for these plants₁ growing on me?₂

pumes

The declension of pumes "hip" is below. Pumes is a partly suppletive noun which also has a suppletive dual and plural form (listed separately):

pumes
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative pumes puvo puve puva pumpae
(Oblique) pumpe puvo puve puva pumpe
Accusative pumpep puvop puvep puvap pumpep
Locative pumpem puvom puvem puvam pumpem
Possessive pumpes puvos puves puvas pumpes
Essive pumpul puvi puvul puvel pumpul
Instrumental pumpi puvub puvi puvob pumpi

Thus one can say:

Pumpae puvapwop sapwa.
My hip opened the swinging door.
Puvo pamwiržom bavbažel.
My hip was injured by the wine glass.

Note that nonliving objects such as wine glasses are inanimate in Poswa, and thus cannot be the subject of a sentence even when they are in motion and would be considered the agent of the verb in languages such as English. Thus, a passive verb is needed. The sentence above translates literally as "My hip was injured on the wine glass," with the wine glass in the locative case.

R

S

sabas

The declension of sabas "man, adult male human" is below:

sabas
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative sabas sapšo
(Oblique) sapsa sapšo
Accusative sapsap sapšop
Locative sapsam sapšom
Possessive sapsas sapšos
Essive sapsel sapši
Instrumental sapsob sapšub

Š

T

tones

The declension of tones "party, celebration" is below:[2]

tones
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative tones
(Oblique) tonto
Accusative tontop
Locative tontom
Possessive tontos
Essive tonti
Instrumental tontub

twu

The declension of twu "water" is below:

twu
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative twu tšio tšie tšia two
(Oblique) two tšio tšie tšia tšio
Accusative twop tšiop tšiep tšiap tšiop
Locative twom tšiom tšiem tšiam tšiom
Possessive twos tšios tšies tšias tšios
Essive twi tšie tšiul tšiel tšie
Instrumental twub tšiub tšie tšiob tšiub

Note that most of the forms of this word collide with those of #twub "urine". Thus one should be careful using sentences like

Tšiopi bwurbub!
Let me drink my water!

Without being mindful of the pissibility of alternative interpretations. Nevertheless, just as Poswobs generally do not have a problem with mentioning potty problems in polite company, they do not find coincidences such as this as disturbing as most of their neighbors do, and have happily gone on using a word that means both "water" and "urine" for hundreds of years (in the much longer history before the recent sound changes, the two words were still distinct, as they still are in Pabappa). Nevertheless, when clarity is needed, other words can be pulled into use, such as rumu,[3] a synonym for water in general, or a compound with more specific meaning such as satwu "drinking water" or listwu "bathwater". There are some semantic differences here; for example, putting the two words in the locative case, twom means "wet", but rumom means "in the water", implying that the water is stably surrounding something.

On the other side of the divide, one can use a compound such as potwub "down-(flowing) urine" or replace the term entirely with a word such as puspo, which literally means water flowing downhill but has come to be used as another word for urine. Nevertheless, none of these terms have driven the tw- words out of their positions as the primary terms.

twub

The declension of twub "urine" is below:

twub
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative twub tšio tšie tšia two
(Oblique) two tšio tšie tšia tšio
Accusative twop tšiop tšiep tšiap tšiop
Locative twom tšiom tšiem tšiam tšiom
Possessive twos tšios tšies tšias tšios
Essive twi tšie tšiul tšiel tšie
Instrumental twub tšiub tšie tšiob tšiub
Tšie soppu, vwom waebwos.
My urine sample is ready for the lab.

Most of the forms of this word are identical to the forms in the same positions for #twu "water". This is a coincidence, as the two words are unrelated and are distinct in close relatives such as Pabappa, where the word for urine is wupur and the word for water is wap. The coalescence happened only a few hundred years ago, and although the Poswobs have alternate words available to express these concepts, they are generally pushed into use only when confusion could result. The situation is plain enough that it would be seen as strange to substitute one of the less-used words solely for the sake of euphemism.

TŠ

U

V

W

wiwi

The declension of wiwi "tooth; sharp object; to blow forcefully" is below:

wiwi
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative wiwi wiwio wiwo
(Oblique) wiwe wiwio wiwio
Accusative wiwep wiwiop wiwiop
Locative wiwem wiwiom wiwiom
Possessive wiwes wiwios wiwios
Essive wiwi wiwie wiwie
Instrumental wiwub wiwiub wiwiub
Tašepi₁ nabi₂ wiwiub.₃
I carried₂ the apple₁ with my teeth.₃
Wiwepi₁ miswarabo!₂
I need₂ something sharp!₁


wup

The declension of wup "message, information, data" is below:

wup
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative wup wupio wupie wupia
(Oblique) wupwo wupio wupie wupia
Accusative wupwop wupiop wupiep wupiap
Locative wupwom wupiom wupiem wupiam
Possessive wupwos wupios wupies wupias
Essive wupwi wupie wupiul wupiel
Instrumental wupwub wupiub wupie wupiob
Wupiopi puvebe, pa?
Did you hear my message?

Ž

Scrub

blank noun table:

NOUN

The declension of NOUN " " is below:

NOUN
Case Free Possessed Attached
1p 2p 3p
Nominative
(Oblique)
Accusative
Locative
Possessive
Essive
Instrumental

Notes

  1. ↑ And no, it's not a loan from English.
  2. ↑ Could be an error for tobwes. Since this is just ton with an infix, this word assumes the infix was regularized to treat -ui-- as a single unit, thus becoming a plain /e/ rather than /ʷe/.
  3. ↑ Earlier had umu, possibly a typo.
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