Verbs in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian verbs are called madsiṟud (singular madsiṟu). Because Vrkhazhian is a triconsonantal root language, the fundamental part of the verb form is the transfix, a discontinuous affix inserted between a root (which is collectively called masčišu and translated as "pattern"), though they primarily only convey the grammatical voices (active, passive, causative, and reflexive). There are five tenses (past, past progressive, present, present progressive, and future) and these are indicated by prefixes attached to the base form. There is only one aspect: the perfect, called saẕkeru, which is indicated by reduplicating the entire verb. Additionally, there are also five moods (indicative, jussive, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive) and these are also indicated by prefix, placed closer to the base form than the tense prefixes. Lastly, verbs are also conjugated for number, singular and plural, with the plural indicated by the suffix -am.

When referring to a particular verb pattern, they are referred to by a derivation of the canonical (exemplary) verb d-s-ṟ (to do, to perform, to execute, to act). For example, when referring to the verb pattern of the citation form of a verb, which is the active present singular indicative, it is called dusaṟ because that is the active present singular form of the verb.

Madsiṟom Dusaṟ (Dusarh verbs)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb, it gives the general idea of its root. The table below shows the conjugation of the root k-j-m (to support, to hold up):

Verb Conjugations

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	ʾekjammu		to support	ʾekjemmi		to be supported
Past Simple	nukjam	nukjamam	supported	nikjem	nikjemam	was supported
Past Prog.	yokjam	yokjamam	was supporting	yekjem	yekjemam	was being supported
Present Simple	kujam	kujmam	support	kajem	kajmam	is supported
Present Prog.	hukjam	hukjamam	is suppoting	hikjem	hikjemam	is being supported
Future	ʾakjam	ʾakjamam	will support	ʾikjem	ʾikjemam	will be supported

Madsiṟom Lossaṟ (Lodsarh verbs)

The table below shows the conjugation of the root m-n-š (to write):

Verb Conjugations

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Infinitive	ʾemnaššu		to write to self	ʾemnešši		to be written by self
Past Simple	numnaš	numnašam	wrote to self	nimneš	nimnešam	was written by self
Past Prog.	yomnaš	yomnašam	was writing to self	yemneš	yemnešam	was being written by self
Present Simple	munaš	munšam	writing to self	maneš	manšam	is written by self
Present Prog.	humnaš	humnašam	is writing to self	himneš	himnešam	is being written by self
Future	ʾamnaš	ʾamnašam	will write to self	ʾimneš	ʾimnešam	will be written by self

Additionally, the genitive pronouns are used to indicate the subject of a verb in a reflexive construction.

Verb moods

Vrkhazhian has five moods other than the indicative mood: jussive, conditional, subjunctive, commissive, and propositive. The table below shows the present tense of the verb s-b-b (to kill)

Verb Mood

	Active Singular	Active Plural	Translation	Passive Singular	Passive Plural	Translation
Jussive	wisbab	wisbabam	have to kill	wisbeb	wisbebam	have to be killed
Conditional	mosbab	mosbabam	would kill	mesbeb	mesbebam	would be killed
Subjunctive	bisbab	bisbabam	may kill	bisbeb	bisbebam	may be killed
Commissive	ḵastubab	ḵastubbam	promise to kill	ḵestabeb	ḵestabbam	promise to be killed
Propositive	mimsubab	mimsubbam	should kill	mimsabeb	mimsabbam	should be killed

• The jussive mood is mainly used for expressing obligation or duty, but when there are no subject pronouns or nouns in, it functions as the imperative, expressing direct commands to the adressee(s).
• The conditional mood expresses a hypothetical situation, that is dependent on another set of circumstances.
• The subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical actions or situations, usually in that-clauses.
• The commissive mood expresses a commitment to do something, like a promise or threat.
• The propositive mood express suggestions or propositions.

Weak Verbs

Verbs are considered weak if they contain a hollow consonant (called ʾahaẏwud).