Ngiæra

Geography

Ngiæra is a language spoken on the Mermish world in the Polycosm by the local version of humans – these humans would strike the natives of Earth-Prime as a bit batrachid. Ngiæra speaker live into the hills to the south of the Great Gulf, ever since the People of the Wave (another human tribe) drove them from the shore.

Phonology

Ngiæra has nine consonants, and five vowels. There is no current information on the consonantal allophones.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Velar

[m] /m/ [n] /n/ [ŋ] /ng/

[p] /p/ [t] /t/ [k] /k/

[s] /s/

[j] /i/ [R\] /r/1

Vowels

Front Back High i /i/, /j/

Mid e /e/ o /o/, /o_a/ Low æ /æ/ a /a/. / @ /

Syntax

Ngiæra is a AVP split-ergative language divided along SAP lines.

Transitive Sentence With Nouns

The transitive sentence with nouns is AVP.

Ngir tean mær. man see woman The man sees the woman.

Iiar tean mær. 1sg see woman. I see the woman.

Ngir tean iiar. Man see 1sg. The man sees me.

Pronouns

Ngiæra pronouns are divided into two categories: nominative and ergative.

Singular

Plural

1 Iiar [jivr] 1excl Iot [jot]

Iæik2 [jæjk] 1incl Ioor [jwor]

2 Iook [jwok]

Iei [jej]

3 ioæon [jwæwn]

Ioap [jovp]

The nominative personal pronouns are /iiar/, /iæik/, /iot/, /ioor/, and /iook/. The ergative personal pronouns are /iei/, /ioæon/, and /ioap/ - names and common nouns are classified as ergative. With transitive verbs, the pronouns behave identically, but the detransitivized verb reveals the nominative/ergative distinction.

The detransitive marker /næim/ [næjm], which comes before the verb, causes two changes. If the agent of the transitive verb is ergative, the agent becomes an absolutive subject and shifts to the end of the clause, while the verb becomes antipassive voice. If the patient of the transitive verb is accusative, the patient becomes a nominative subject and shifts to the front of the clause, while the verb becomes passive voice.

Ngir tean mær. man see woman The man sees the woman

Næim tean ngir. ANTIPASS see man The man sees.

Tean mær. See woman The woman is seen.

Iei tean ngir 2pl see man You see the man

Næim tean iei ANTIPASS see 2pl You see Tean ngir see man The man was seen.

Ngir tean ioor man see 1incl The man sees us.

Ioor næim tean 1incl PASS man We are seen.

Iook tean ioor 2sg see 1incl You see us.

Iook tean 1incl see You are seen.

Phonotactics

Ngiæra roots (also known as a First Form) all have the shape C1(G1)V(G2)C2. C may be any consonant native to Ngiæra. V may be any vowel. G1 may be /i/, /o/ or /r/. G2 may be /i/, /o/, or /a/. Ngiæra roots are divided into nominal and verbal roots – these classes are lexically determined. Nominal roots include the categories of pronoun, man/woman, directions, family members, colors, geography, beauty, and sufficiency. Verbal roots include verbs of motion, copular verbs, verbs of expectation, possession, do/make, and 'bear (children)'.

A First Form nominal is a stative or abstract noun, while a First Form verbal is usually a transitive verb. The Second Form is derived from the First Form by taking G2 and reduplicating it as a vowel called V2, after C2. If there is no G2, V provides the vowel. The Second Form derives a noun of agent or action from the First Form verbal and and an adjective from the First Form Nominal. V2 is identical to V with the following exception: the V2 of /æ/ is /a/. Thus the name of the language, Ngiæra is the Second Form of /ngiær/, 'to speak', while the word for masculine, /ngiri/, is the Second Form of /ngir/ 'man'. The Third Form derives V2 from G1 (or V if there is no G1), and prefixes it to the First Form. V2 is identical to V with the following exception: the V2 of /r/ is /a/. The Third Form derives an adverb or preposition from a verb, and a stative, intransitive, or 'applicative' verb from a noun. An adverb in Ngiæra covers English adverbs and prepositions. Thus the Third Form of /tean/, 'to see', /etean/, is the evidential marker, and the Third Form of /ngiæar/, 'to give', /ingiæar/, is the indirect object marker 'to'. The Third Form of /ngræs/, 'greenness', /angræs/, is intransitive and means 'to flourish'. The Third Form of /rooop/, 'criminal', /orooop/, is transitive and means 'to commit a crime (of type X)' where type X is the direct object of the verb.

Tenses

Tense in Ngiæra is optional and generally indicated by a specific time word. An auxiliary verb /ngoær/, 'to wait', follows the noun or pronoun and precedes the verb.

Iook ngoær saak rooop. 2sg wait find criminal. You (sg) will find the criminal.

Future tense may be indicated by the word /itin/ 'tomorrow' preceding the noun or pronoun.

Itin iook saak rooop. Tomorrow 2sg find criminal You will find the criminal.

Past tense may be indicated by the word /omot/ 'yesterday' preceding the noun or pronoun.

Omot iook saak rooop. Yesterday 2sg find criminal You found the criminal.

Copula

The copula in Ngiæra is /miii/. Mær miii poongo. Woman COP wife The woman is a wife.

Iook miii kiein. 2sg COP child You are a child.

The Copula with Second and Third Form Nominals

If the subject of the copula is a pronoun and the predicate is a Second Form nominal, a special conjugation is used, derived from the Third Form nominals. Iiiar poongo. I am a wife.

• Aiæik poongo. I am a wife.

Oiook poongo. You (sg) are a wife. Oioæon poongo. (S)he is a wife. Oiot poongo. We (excl.) are wives. Oioor poongo. We (incl.) are wives. Iiei poongo. You (pl) are wives. Oioap poongo. They are wives.

With a Third Form nominal as the predicate, the pronoun is a First Form nominal. Iæik iting. I am sad.

• Iiar iting. I am sad.

Iook iting. You (sg) are sad Ioæon iting. (S)he is sad. Iot iting. We (excl.) are sad. Ioor iting. We (incl.) are sad. Iei iting. You (pl) are sad. Ioap iting. They are sad.

Noun and Adjective Order

Modifiers, including the optional plural marker, follow their heads. Ngir moanga miii rooop (moanga). Man many COP criminal many Many men are criminals.

Poongo iiara miii mær neopo. Wife 1sg COP woman beautiful My wife is a beautiful woman.

Reduplication

Reduplication indicates indefinite plurality Omot kroapa meim rooop rooop. Yesterday judge hang criminal criminal The judge has hanged all sorts of criminals. [Concultural Note: 'hanged' here does not mean 'ordered someone else to hang them'. The judge is truly judge, jury, and executioner.]

3rd Person Pronouns as Demonstratives

The 3rd person pronouns /ioæon/ and /ioap/ can be used as demonstratives in their Second Forms. Omot rooop ioapa orooop etean nepe. Yesterday criminal 3pl commit.crime.of.type.X EVID taker These criminals clearly committed the crime of taking. These criminals are thieves.

Prepositional Phrases

Prepositions precede their modifiers. Indirect objects take the preposition /ingiæar/: Iæik mres ioap ingiæar kroapa. I give 3pl IO judge I give them to the judge. I hand them over to judge.

Kroapa kroap ioap oroæk koæon. Judge judge 3pl toward death. The judge sentenced them to death.

Negative Particles

Negative particles follow the verb. Ioæon kroap ioap eker akæong koæon (ioapa). 3sg judge 3pl NEG away.from death 3pl He did not pardon them from their death sentences.

Time Terms

The use of time nouns as past and future markers has encouraged the use of reduplication to indicate precise times.

Isik isik meim ioap. morning morning hang 3pl In the morning (the judge) hanged them.

Possession

Possession is indicated by the preposition /epek/, from /pek/,' to possess'

Poongo sanga epek rooop iting otom wife lack GEN criminal be.sad be.excessive The widows of the criminals were very sad.

Direct Speech

Direct speech is reported as it was originally said.

Poongo sanga ioæono ngiær ingiæar kroapa. Kese iæiki okoæon. Iæik miar eker ngiæar seim ingiæar kiein iæiki. Wife lack 3sg speak to judge. Husband 1sg be.dead. 1Sg can NEG give food to child 1sg This widow said to the judge; “My husband is dead. I cannot feed my children.

Conditional Statements

To form a conditional statement, the Third Form of /teng/, 'to do' is placed before each clause. Kroapa ngiær ingiæar ioæon. Poongo iæiki miar eker poong. Eteng iook roong miii mær mii iook poong, eteng iæik ngiæar seim ingiæar kiein iooko. judge speak to 3sg / wife 1sg can NEG bear.children / if 2sg make be woman REL 2sg bear.children, then 1sg give food to child 2sg The judge said to her. My wife cannot bear children. If you become my mistress, I will feed your children.

Optative Mood

The optative mood is indicated by the First Form verbal of /nrir/: Poongo sanga ngiær ingiæar ioæon. Iæik nrir eker roong miii mær iooko. Eteng iook nrir ngiæar otom seim ingiæar kiein mæra moanga iæiki, eteng ioap roong miii inrir maer mii ioap poong. Eteng iook teng ioæon, iæik miar ngiæar seim ingiæar iæik.

Wife lack speak to 3sg / 1sg can NEG make be woman 2sg / if 2sg want give very food to child woman many 1sg , then 3pl make be OPT woman REL 3sg bear.children / if 2sg do 3sg, 1sg can give food to 1sg

The widow said to him. I do not want to be your mistress. If you want to feed my daughters, let them become your mistresses. If you do this, I can feed myself.

Dictionary of Roots Nominal iæik [jæjk]– 1st person singular (NOM); my, mine ieat [jevt] - 1st cousin iei [jej] - 2nd person plural iiar [jivr] - 1st person singular (NOM); my, mine ioæon [jwæwn] - 3rd person singular ioap [jovp] - 3rd person plural iook [jwok] - 2nd person singular (NOM) ioor [jwor] - 1st person plural inclusive (NOM) iot [jot] - 1st person plural exclusive (NOM) kaom [kawm] – West; west; 3 kæong [kæwŋ]– back; back; away from kiang [kivŋ] [kjaŋ] – life; alive; be alive kiein [kjejn] – child; 2; 3 koæon [kwæwn] – death; dead; be dead mær [mær] – woman mii [mij] – who; whose; 3 mioii [mjojj] – scarcity; few; 3 moang [movŋ] [mwaŋ] – plenty (n); many, plural marker; 3 neop [newp] – beauty (n); beautiful; 3 ngaop [ŋawp] – uncle, aunt; 2; 3 ngæot [ŋæwt] – brother, sister; 2; 3 ngim [ŋim] – East; east; 3 ngir [ŋir] – man; masculine; 3 ngon [ŋon] – blood, redness; red; 3 ngræs [ŋræs] – greenness; green; to flourish noat [novt] [nwat] – hill country; of the hill country; be narrow nrik [nrik] – drink; 2; 3 [MISCATEGORIZED] piaeai [pjaevj] – a plain; of the plain; be broad pios [piws] [pjos] – region, country; regional; 3 ræn [ræn] – ugliness; ugly; 3 ræip [ræjp] – nephew, niece; 2; 3 reak [revk]– happiness; happy; be happy rieang [rjevŋ] – North; north; 3 rioi [rjoj] – darkness, blackness; dark, black; 3 riop [riwp] [rjop] – South; south; 3 roæk [rwæk] – front; front; towards rooop [rwowp] – criminal (n); criminal (adj); to commit a crime (of X type) saep [saep] – grandparent; 2; 3 seim [sejm] - food siaot [sjawt] – light (n); light, white; 3 soiar [swivr] – father, mother; 2; 3 soor [sowr] [swor] – greyness, dimness; grey; 3 ting [tiŋ] – sadness; sad; be sad toaing [twajŋ] – grandchild; 2; 3 toaok [twawk] – insufficiency; insufficient; be insufficient, not quite enough toip [tojp] [twip] – son, daughter; 2; 3 tom [tom]– excess; excessive; be excessive, very

Verbal irep [jrep] – lose; 2; 3 kar [kar] – come towards ker [ker] – to not be; 2; negative particle kes [kes] – beget (children); husband; 3 koong [kowŋ] [kwoŋ] – go back; 2; 3 kroap [krovp] – judge (v); judge (n); 3 meim [mejm] – hang; 2; 3 miar [mivr] [mjar] – to be able to; 2; 3 miii [mjij] – copula; 2; 3 miing [mijŋ] [mjiŋ] – go forward; 2; 3 moor [mowr] [mwor] – find; 2; 3 mot [mot] – remember; 2; yesterday mres [mres] – give; 2; 3 næim [næjm] – detransitive marker nep [nep] – take; taker; ngear [ŋevr] – set, go down; 2; night ngiæar [ŋjævr] – give; 2; indirect object marker ngiær [ŋjær]– speak; Ngiæra - Ngiæra language; 3 ngoær [ŋwær]– wait, future auxiliary verb; 2 ; 3 nrir [nrir]– want; 2; optative marker peit ]pejt]– come up; 2; 3 pek ]pek]– possess; 2; genitive marker poong [powŋ] [pwoŋ] – bear (children); wife; 3 rion [riwn] [rjon]– come back; 2; 3 roong [rowŋ] [rwoŋ]- make saak [savk] – find sang [saŋ] – lack; one who lacks; abessive marker sik [sik] – rise, go up; 2 ; morning sreok [srewk]– live, dwell; inhabitant; 2 tan [tan]– go; 2; 3 tep [tep]– come down; 2; 3 tean [tevn] – see; 2 ; etean – evidential marker tek [tek] – come; 2; 3 teng [teŋ]– do; 2; if, then tin [tin] – expect; 2; tomorrow

List of Unidentified Roots

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