Kala Verbs
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- A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten"). Almost any verb can be reused without change as a noun.
tense
present tense
The present tense is unmarked in Kala.
- nam ina
- 1pl eat
- We are eating. / We eat.
- ha moku
- 3sg sleep
- She is sleeping. / He sleeps.
past tense
Past tense is marked by -ye from aye.
- kam hinaye
- 3pl here.pst
- They were here.
- etla tanyaye
- p4sg damage.pst
- It was damaged.
future tense
Future tense is marked by -tli from atli.
- na'am tsala inatli
- 1pl.excl sauce eat.fut
- We (but not you) will eat the sauce.
- tametla tanyatli
- 2sg-p-4sg damage.fut
- You (all) will damage it.
modifiers
ability
- -pa from pala is used to signify ability or possibility. This does not indicate the permissive.
-
- na yalapa
- 1sg go-able
- I am able to go. / I can go.
attempt
- -pya from upya is used to signify an attempt.
-
- na inapya
- 1sg eat-attempt
- I am trying to eat.
negation
- -k from nke is used to signify negation.
-
- na yalak
- 1sg go.neg
- I am not going. / I do not go.
initiate
- -mu from mula is used to signify beginning an action.
-
- na yalamu
- 1sg go-begin
- I begin to go.
permissive
- -myo from myonta is used to signify permission or allowance.
-
- na yalamyo
- 1sg go-perm
- I am allowed to go.
suggestive
- -ne from neya is used to signify something that should or ought to be done.
-
- ta yalamyo
- 2sg go-sug
- You should go.
| usage | suffix | from | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| need, necessity | -he | heya to need; require |
na yalahe I need to go. |
| deintensify | -hi | ahi small; little |
na inahi I am snacking. |
| appear, seem | -tse | tse'e to seem; appearance |
ha yalatse He seems to be going. |
| want, desire | -ue | ueha to want; desire |
na yalaue I want to go. |
| intention, volition | -ue | ueyo to intend to |
na yalaue I intend to go. |
conditional
- They would be happy if the sun were shining.
sama a yatli kam noya sun be if-X-then-Y 3pl happy
- We doubted he would go.
na'am iya ha yala ketsaye 1pl.excl cond 3sg go doubt-pst
- she would have been a good musician
