Proto-Uralic/new
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Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
- *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e, Permic *oo; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
- *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.
*ê
*ô
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ô_i > F & Mo. *o, Ma. *a | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolmi | *kolmɤ | kolmo | *kʊm | #kuuiŋ | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooɬəm | - | *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?! |
| "minor river" | *joki | *jokɤ | jov | *joɣə | *juu | joo | *jɯɯɣɯɯ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| "dry" | *koski | *koškɤ- | kośke- | *kaškə- | *k(w)ååś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "birch bark vessel" | *kosja | "Ko. S" kočēk | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koťək | - | F. → NS guošši |
| "bow" | *jouci | *jōksɤ | joŋks | *jaŋež | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| "to pursue" | *nou-ta- | - | - | - | - | - | *ńåwt- | *ńååɣəɬ- | *ńo- | close to *u |
| "bosom" | *povi | *pōŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov |
Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš |
*pi | - | *puut | *poɣəɬ | - | Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again |
| "snot" | *nolki | *snōlkɤ | nolga | - | - | ńaal | - | - | - | Or *o with Mo. irregular |
| "stick" | *ponci | - | ponda | *panðə | U. pud ~ K. bed | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sieve" | *pohtVj- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *olki | - | olgo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "corner; to hide" | *soppi | - | śopo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bear" | *okci | - | ovto | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE! |
| "to sink" | *lonteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ô_a type 1 (substratal?) | ||||||||||
| "wet" | *loppa | - | lopa-vto- | *lʊp | K. lap | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | *lotma | - | ložmo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Phonotax non-Uralic |
| "shameful; lazy" | *nolo | - | nola | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ô_a type 2 | ||||||||||
| "I" | *minä | *mon | mon | *məń | *mö(n) | een | *äm | *mä | *mən | Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. |
| "thou" | *cinä | *ton | ton | *tiń | *tö(n) | te | - | - | *tən | |
| "bird" | *lintu | *lontē | - | *lʊðə | - | luud | *luuntə | *låånt | - | |
| "sleeve" | *hija | *soajē | *sooj | ujj | *tɯɯjət | *ɬɯɯt | *tüəj | |||
| "sleeve" | *hiha | *sɤsē | oža | sokš | F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev. | |||||
| "phloem" | *nila | *ńɤlɤ | nola | Me. nolo | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla | - | *ńål | *ńaɬ | - | |
| "to curse" | *kiro- | *kɤrō- | kor- | - | - | - | *kår- | *koorəm | *kərä- | close to *u |
| "to wash" | *liko- | - | - | - | - | - | *låwt- | *loɣɯɯt- | - | |
| "to thro" | *viska- | - | - | - | - | - | *wåśkə- | *wośkə- | - | close to *u |
| "to scrape" | *vito- | *vɤcō- | - | - | *vuušt- | vaasik- | *ašeɣ- | *wooč- | - | |
| "skin" | *iho | *ɤsē | jožo | Hi. juž | K. ež | - | - | - | - | ← II *iza- ?! |
| "green, yellow, poison, hate" |
*viha, *viherä | - | ožo | *ʊžar | *vöž | - | - | - | - | NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II |
| "to sharpen" | *hijo- | *sɤjē- | šova- | *šʊme- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "yeast; foam" | *hiiva | - | *šoŋ | *šoŋ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← B. *šiiva- "white"? |
| "to pluck" | *kitke/o- | *kɤckē- | kočko- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *kiske- |
| "to sit" | *istu- | (*i(š)tɤ-) | oza- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Unclear medial. S. ← F. |
| "price" | *hinta | - | čonda | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pig" | *cika | - | tuvo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. raising before -v-? |
| "surface, body" | *pinta | - | ponda | - | U. ped | - | - | - | - | Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc. |
| "ski" | *sipakka | *sɤpēkkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stretch" | *piŋko- | *pɤŋkē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Or *i_a. |
| "brest" | *rinta | *rɤntē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rapid" | *niva | *ńɤvē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | If not F. ← S. |
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