Frostocan

Frostocan (vrosteitoka, IPA: [ˈβrɔstɪjˌtɔxə]) is a constructed language started in October 2011.

Phonology & Orthography

Frostocan phonology and orthography.

Alphabet

a b c ċ d ð e f g ġ h i k ḱ l ĺ m n ṅ ŋ o p r s ṡ t u v w x ẋ y z ż þ æ œ

Letter	Name
a	aa
b	bee
c	cee
ċ	ciee
d	dee
ð	eðð
e	ee
f	eff
g	gee
ġ	giee
h	ehee
i	ii
k	kee
ḱ	kiee
l	ell
ĺ	eĺ
m	emm
n	enn
ṅ	eṅ
ŋ	eŋŋ
o	oo
p	pee
r	err
s	ess
ṡ	eṡ
t	tee
u	uu
v	evv
w	ww
x	xee
ẋ	xiee
y	yy
z	ezz
ż	eż
þ	þee
æ	æ
œ	œ

Consonants

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatalized Postalveolar	Palatal	Labialized Palatal	Velar	Labaialized Velar	Glottal
Nasal	/p/ p /b/ b	/t/ t /d/ d							/ʔ/ h
Plosive	/m/ m	/n/ n				/ɲ/ ṅ/n(i)	/ŋ/ ŋ
Fricative	/ɸ/ f /β/ v	/θ/ þ /ð/ ð	/s/ s /z/ z	/ɕ/ ṡ/s(i) /ʑ/ ż/z(i)	/ç/ ḱ/k(i) /ʝ/ ġ/g(i)		/x/ k /ɣ/ g
Affricative			/ts/ c /dz/ x	/tɕ/ ċ/c(i) /dʑ/ ẋ/x(i)
Approximant					/j/ i	/ɥ/ y		/w/ w
Trill		/r/ r
Lateral Fricative		/ɬ/ kl /ɮ/ gl
Lateral Approximant		/l/ l			/ʎ/ ĺ/l(i)

• in writing, ḱ and ĺ are written with a dot above it rather than an acute accent.
• palatalized consonant are only written with the dot accent mark when proceeding nothing or another consonant; otherwise, it's written with an i directly after it.
• ð is sometimes pronounced as /θ/ at the end of a word since þ can never be at the end of a word.
• r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word.
• when a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, the voiced becomes voiceless.
• i, y, and w are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel.
• doubling a consonant lengthened its sound.

Vowels

	Front	Near-Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ i /y/ y			/u/ w
Near-Close		/ɪ/ e
Close-Mid	/e/ e /ø/ u
Mid			/ə/ a
Open-Mid				/ɔ/ o /ɔɪ/ œ
Open			/a/ a /aɪ/ æ

• e is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions.
• a is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable.
• doubling a vowel lengthened its sound.

Stress

Stress is normally on the second the last syllable. In order to show irregular stress, an acute accent is added on the vowel of the stressed syllable.

Grammar

A brief in Frostocan grammar.

• ∅ means no ending
• Δ means change the vowel to its rounded counterpart (e→u, i→y)
• ◌́ means add an acute accent on that syllable

Nouns

There are three genders, three numbers, and eight cases that affect the specific noun.

Gender

Frostocan has three genders.

Masculine

Nouns that end in -ta, -æ, -œ, a stressed vowel, or most consonants are usually masculine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is male is always masculine.

Feminine

Nouns that end in -a, -i (pronounced as /i/), -mg, -ð, or a palatalized consonant are usually feminine. Any noun that denotes something animate that is female is always feminine.

Neuter

Nouns that end in -e, -o, -ð (pronounced as /θ/), -rt, -rp, -rk, a doubled vowel, or any doubled consonant. Any noun that denotes something animate that could be either male or female and is either unknown or unspecified is always neuter.

Verbs

All verbs end in -a. In order to conjugate a verb in order to express something, take off the -a and add the prefixes or suffixes.

Tense

There are three tenses in Frostocan.

Present

To conjugate the present tense with regular verbs, add the following endings:

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	-∅	-Δus	-u
2nd person	-ð	-Δc	-t
3rd person	-◌́	-Δ◌́s	-á

e.g.

gdera (to stand up)	singular	dual	plural
1st person	gder	gdurus	gderu
2nd person	gderð	gdurc	gdert
3rd person	gdér	gdúrs	gderá