Frostocan
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Frostocan (vrosteitoka, IPA: [ˈβrɔstɪjˌtɔxə]) is a constructed language started in October 2011.
Phonology & Orthography
Frostocan phonology and orthography.
Alphabet
a b c ċ d ð e f g ġ h i k ḱ l ĺ m n ṅ ŋ o p r s ṡ t u v w x ẋ y z ż þ æ œ
| Letter | Name |
|---|---|
| a | aa |
| b | bee |
| c | cee |
| ċ | ciee |
| d | dee |
| ð | eðð |
| e | ee |
| f | eff |
| g | gee |
| ġ | giee |
| h | ehee |
| i | ii |
| k | kee |
| ḱ | kiee |
| l | ell |
| ĺ | eĺ |
| m | emm |
| n | enn |
| ṅ | eṅ |
| ŋ | eŋŋ |
| o | oo |
| p | pee |
| r | err |
| s | ess |
| ṡ | eṡ |
| t | tee |
| u | uu |
| v | evv |
| w | ww |
| x | xee |
| ẋ | xiee |
| y | yy |
| z | ezz |
| ż | eż |
| þ | þee |
| æ | æ |
| œ | œ |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatalized Postalveolar | Palatal | Labialized Palatal | Velar | Labaialized Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /p/ p /b/ b | /t/ t /d/ d | /ʔ/ h | ||||||
| Plosive | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ɲ/ ṅ/n(i) | /ŋ/ ŋ | |||||
| Fricative | /ɸ/ f /β/ v | /θ/ þ /ð/ ð | /s/ s /z/ z | /ɕ/ ṡ/s(i) /ʑ/ ż/z(i) | /ç/ ḱ/k(i) /ʝ/ ġ/g(i) | /x/ k /ɣ/ g | |||
| Affricative | /ts/ c /dz/ x | /tɕ/ ċ/c(i) /dʑ/ ẋ/x(i) | |||||||
| Approximant | /j/ i | /ɥ/ y | /w/ w | ||||||
| Trill | /r/ r | ||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | /ɬ/ kl /ɮ/ gl | ||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | /l/ l | /ʎ/ ĺ/l(i) |
- in writing, ḱ and ĺ are written with a dot above it rather than an acute accent.
- palatalized consonant are only written with the dot accent mark when proceeding nothing or another consonant; otherwise, it's written with an i directly after it.
- r is pronounced as /ð/ at the end of a word.
- when a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, the voiced becomes voiceless.
- i, y, and w are pronounced as /j/, /ɥ/, and /w/ only when before or after a vowel.
- doubling a consonant lengthened its sound.
Vowels
| Front | Near-Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ i /y/ y | /u/ w | ||
| Near-Close | /ɪ/ e | |||
| Close-Mid | /e/ e /ø/ u | |||
| Mid | /ə/ a | |||
| Open-Mid | /ɔ/ o /ɔɪ/ œ | |||
| Open | /a/ a /aɪ/ æ |
- e is pronounced as /ɪ/ in unstressed positions.
- a is pronounced as /ə/ in unstressed positions and silent when directly before a stressed syllable.
- doubling a vowel lengthened its sound.
Stress
Stress is normally on the second the last syllable. In order to show irregular stress, an acute accent is added on the vowel of the stressed syllable.
Grammar
A brief in Frostocan grammar.
- ∅ means no ending
- Δ means change the vowel to its rounded counterpart (e→u, i→y)
- ◌́ means add an acute accent on that syllable
Syntax
Nouns
Verbs
All verbs end in -a. In order to conjugate a verb in order to express something, take off the -a and add the prefixes or suffixes.
Tense
There are three tenses in Frostocan.
Present
To conjugate the present tense with regular verbs, add the following endings:
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -∅ | -Δus | -u |
| 2nd person | -ð | -Δc | -t |
| 3rd person | -◌́ | -Δ◌́s | -á |
| gdera (to stand up) | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | gder | gdurus | gderu |
| 2nd person | gderð | gdurc | gdert |
| 3rd person | gdér | gdúrs | gderá |
