Chinese sound correspondences
This chart strives to document all regular sound correspondences between:
- Middle Chinese and major modern Chinese languages
- Middle Chinese and loans in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese
This chart uses the following default Romanizations:
- Baxter's orthography, for Middle Chinese
- Hanyu Pinyin, for Mandarin (Beijing)
- Jyutping, for Cantonese
- Pre-1945 kana (歴史的仮名遣い) Romanized in faux-Wāpuro, for Japanese
Middle Chinese phonology and phonotactics
Permissible onset-rime combinations:
Divisions 1 & 4 | Division 2 | Division 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
p,ph,b,m | Yes | Yes | Yes + Chongniu |
t,th,d,n | Yes | 打 | 地 |
tr,trh,dr,nr | No | Yes | Yes |
l | Yes | 臉、冷 | Yes |
ts,tsh,dz,s | Yes | No | Yes |
z | No | No | Yes |
tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr | No | Yes | Yes |
tsy,tsyh,zy,sy,dzy,ny | No | No | Yes |
k,kh,x,ʔ | Yes | Yes | Yes + Chongniu |
g | No | No | Yes + Chongniu |
h | Yes | Yes | No |
hj,y | No | No | Yes |
- Division 1 and 4 rimes occurred in the same environments.
- Division 3 rimes could occur in the most environments, and were also the most frequent (over 50% of characters).
- The dental stops (t,th,d,n) were in complementary distribution with the retroflex stops (tr,trh,dr,nr).
- The voiced velar stop (g) was in complementary distribution with the voiced velar fricative (h).
- Chongniu (重紐) was a contrastive feature that was found only in syllables with a labial or velar onset and a division 3 rime. It leaves no trace in modern Chinese languages, but does leave vestiges in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese loans.
Onsets
- 1 = Ping tone
- 2 = Shang tone
- 3 = Qu tone
- 4 = Ru tone
The chart will use "1" on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. "zi1" means "zi but not ziX and ziH").
Onset | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren[1] | Baxter[2] | IPA[3] | Go-On | Kan-On | Middle*[4] | Modern | ||||||
幫 | p | p | [p] | b [p] but p [pʰ] |
b [p] but p [pʰ] |
p | p | h [h] | h [h] | 彆 ㅂ [p] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | |
滂 | p' | ph | [pʰ] | p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽怖) |
p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡) |
pʰ | pʰ | h [h] | h [h] | 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | |
並 | b' | b | [b] | p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234 |
p [pʰ] /_1, COL2 |
pʰ | b | b [b] | h [h] | 步 ㅃ [p'] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | |
明 | m | m | [m] | m [m] but w [w] (戊) |
m [m] | m | m | m [m] | b [b] | 彌 ㅁ [m] | ㅁ [m] | |
非* | p | p | [f] | f [f] | f [f] | f | f | h [h] | h [h] | 彆 ㅂ [p] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | |
敷* | p' | ph | [fʰ] | f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧) |
f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧) |
f | f | h [h] | h [h] | 漂 ㅍ [pʰ] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | |
奉* | b' | b | [v] | f [f] | f [f] | f or pʰ | v | b [b] | h [h] | 步 ㅃ [p'] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | |
微* | m | m | [ɱ] | w [w] but m [m] (曼) |
m [m] | v but some m |
LIT: v COL: m |
m [m] | b [b] | 彌 ㅁ [m] | ㅁ [m] | |
端 | t | t | [t] | d [t] but n [n] (鳥) |
d [t] but t [tʰ] (禱) |
t | t | t [t] | t [t] | 斗 ㄷ [t] | ㄷ [t] | |
透 | t' | th | [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | tʰ | tʰ | t [t] | t [t] | 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] | ㅌ [tʰ] | |
定 | d' | d | [d] | t [tʰ] /_1 but d [t] (鼕) |
t [tʰ] /_1, COL2 |
tʰ | d | d [d] | t [t] | 覃 ㄸ [t'] | ㄷ [t] | |
泥 | n | n | [n] | n [n] | n [n] | n | n | n [n] | d [d] | 那 ㄴ [n] | ㄴ [n] | |
來 | l | l | [l] | l [l] but n [n] (弄) |
l [l] but d [t] (隸) |
l | l | r [ɺ] | r [ɺ] | 閭 ㄹ [ɾ] | ㄹ [ɾ] | |
知 | t̂ | tr | [ʈ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (貯) |
ts | ts | t [t] | t [t] | 斗 ㄷ [t] | ㄷ [t] | |
徹 | t̂' | trh | [ʈʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] but zh [tʂ] (祉) |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (祉) |
tsʰ | tsʰ | t [t] | t [t] | 呑 ㅌ [tʰ] | ㅌ [tʰ] | |
澄 | d̂' | dr | [ɖʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 |
c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (峙重柱) |
tsʰ | z | d [d] | t [t] | 覃 ㄸ [t'] | ㄷ [t] | |
娘 | n | nr | [ɳ] | n [n] but w [w] (諉) |
n [n] but w [w] (諉) |
n | ȵ | n [n] | d [d] | 那 ㄴ [n] | ㄴ [n] | |
精 | ts | ts | [ts] | z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (雀挫) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (挫) |
ts | ts | s [s] | s [s] | 即 ㅈ [ts] | ㅈ [tɕ] | |
清 | ts' | tsh | [tsʰ] | c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (緝竣) |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (竣) |
tsʰ | tsʰ | s [s] | s [s] | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | |
從 | dz' | dz | [dz] | c [tsʰ] /_1 but d [t] (蹲) |
c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (坐) |
tsʰ | z | z [z] | s [s] | 慈 ㅉ [ts'] | ㅈ [tɕ] ㅊ [tɕʰ] | |
心 | s | s | [s] | s [s] but sh [ʂ] (珊姍) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s | s | s [s] | s [s] | 戍 ㅅ [s] | ㅅ [s] | |
邪 | z | z | [z] | s [s] but ∅ (嶼) |
c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (似) |
s | z | z [z] | s [s] | 邪 ㅆ [s'] | ㅅ [s] | |
照莊 | tṣ | tsr | [tʂ] | zh [tʂ] but z [ts] |
z [ts] | ts | ts | s [s] | s [s] | 即 ㅈ [ts] | ㅈ [tɕ] | |
穿初 | tṣ' | tsrh | [tʂʰ] | ch [tʂʰ]
but c [tsʰ] |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (錚) |
tsʰ | tsʰ | s [s] | s [s] | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | |
床崇 | dẓ' | dzr | [dʐʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 but c [ts] (岑) |
c [tsʰ] /_1, COL2 (柿) |
tsʰ | z | z [z] | s [s] | 慈 ㅉ [ts'] | ㅅ [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ] | |
審生 | ṣ | sr | [ʂ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (產) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉) |
s | s | s [s] | s [s] | 戍 ㅅ [s] | ㅅ [s] | |
禪俟 | ź | zr | [ʐ] | s [s] | z [ts] | s | z | z [z] | s [s] | 邪 ㅆ [s'] | ㅅ [s] | |
照章 | tś | tsy | [tɕ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (捶) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹) |
ts | ts | s [s] | s [s] | 即 ㅈ [ts] | ㅈ [tɕ] | |
穿昌 | tś' | tsyh | [tɕʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋) |
c [tsʰ] but s [s] (樞瀋) |
tsʰ | tsʰ | s [s] | s [s] | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | |
床船 | dź' | zy | [ʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 _1: |
s [s] | s | z | z [z] | s [s] | 慈 ㅉ [ts'] | ㅅ [s] | |
審書 | ś | sy | [ɕ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s | s | s [s] | s [s] | 戍 ㅅ [s] | ㅅ [s] | |
禪常 | ź | dzy | [dʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 but r [ɻ] (瑞) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] (恃) |
s | z | z [z] | s [s] | 邪 ㅆ [s'] | ㅅ [s] ㅈ [tɕ] | |
日 | ńź | ny | [ȵ] | r [ɻ] er [aɚ]: |
j [j] | ŋ or j | z | n [n] | z [z] | 穰 ㅿ [z] | ㅇ [∅] | |
見 | k | k | [k] | g [k] but k [kʰ] |
g [k] but k [kʰ] |
k | k | k [k] | k [k] | 君 ㄱ [k] | ㄱ [k] | |
溪 | k' | kh | [kʰ] | k [kʰ] but h [x] |
Random? : h [h] |
kʰ | kʰ | k [k] | k [k] | 快 ㅋ [kʰ] | ㄱ [k] ㅋ [kʰ] /_[wɛ] | |
群 | g' | g | [g] | k [kʰ] /_1 but g [k] (畿鯨) |
k [kʰ] /_1, COL2 (近臼舅菌) |
kʰ | g | g [ɡ] | k [k] | 虯 ㄲ [k'] | ㄱ [k] | |
疑 | ng | ng | [ŋ] | ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w] depending on rime |
ng [ŋ] ∅ /_[i,j,w] |
ŋ | ŋ | g [ɡ] | g [ɡ] | 業 ㆁ [ŋ] | ㅇ [∅] | |
影 | ' | ' | [ʔ] | ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w] depending on rime |
∅, j [j] or w [w] depending on rime |
∅ | ∅ | ∅, y [j] or w [w] depending on rime |
∅, y [j] or w [w] depending on rime |
挹 ㆆ [ʔ] | ㅇ [∅] | |
曉 | x | x | [h] | h [x] but k [kʰ] (況迄訖) |
h [h] but k [kʰ] (吸賄) |
h | h | k [k] | k [k] | 虛 ㅎ [h] | ㅎ [h] | |
匣 | ɣ | h | [ɦ] | h [x] but g [k] (迥) |
h [h] but g [k] (迥) |
h | ɦ | g [ɡ] w [w] (蟹攝合口) |
k [k] | 洪 ㆅ [h'] | ㅎ [h] | |
喻云 | j | hj | [ɦj] | y [j,ɥ] or w [w] depending on rime |
j [j] or w [w] depending on rime |
[j] or [v]? | [j] or [v]? | y [j] or w [(w)] depending on rime |
欲 ㅇ [∅] | ㅇ [∅] | ||
喻以 | ∅ | y | [j] | y [j,ɥ] or w [w] depending on rime |
j [j] or w [w] depending on rime |
[j] or [v]? | [j] or [v]? | y [j] or w [(w)] depending on rime |
欲 ㅇ [∅] | ㅇ [∅] |
* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are
- All third-deng (等) and hekou (合口) rimes, or
- (Excluding 明 m) The third-deng (等) and kaikou (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤
Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony
Note for Mandarin — Beijing:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
- g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
Note for Yue — Canton (Cantonese):
- The following (not so) recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- g k [k kʰ] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk])
- gw kw [kw kʰw] > gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ]
- For h [h] in the same environment, if h [h] comes from MC 溪 or 曉, then:
- h [h] > f [f] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
- hw [hw] > f [f]
- But if h [h] comes from MC 匣, then:
- h [h] > w [w] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
- hw [hw] > w [w]
- As can be seen, at least some stage of above change dates from before the merger of [h] and [ɦ] into modern Cantonese [h].
- Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
- /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
- The following changes are ongoing:
- n [n] > l [l] (onset)
- ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
- gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
- ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
- ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)
Note for Wu — Suzhou:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- [k kʰ g h ɦ n] > [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ dʑ ȵ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
Note for Japanese:
- The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
- t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
- w [w] > 0 /_[i,e,o]
- /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.
Note for Middle Korean: the prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:
- The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
- The kh- (溪) onset tended to be pronounced without aspiration;
- The l- (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
- The ny- (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
- The ng- (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.
Note for Modern Korean:
- The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
- ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_ (reversed due to spelling pronunciation in North Korean)
- ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
- ㅂ ㄷ ㅈ ㄱ ㅅ [p t tɕ k s] > ㅃ ㄸ ㅉ ㄲ ㅆ [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)
Rimes
Abbreviations used
Onsets:
- P = MC labial (p,ph,b,m)
- T = MC dental stop (t,th,d,n)
- TR = MC retroflex stop (tr,trh,dr,nr)
- S = MC dental sibilant (ts,tsh,dz,s,z)
- SR = MC retroflex sibilant (tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr)
- SY = MC palatal sibilant (tsy,tsyh,dzy,sy,zy)
- TSR = TR,SR
- TSRY = TR,SR,SY
- K = MC velar or laryngeal (k,kh,g,ŋ,x,h,ʔ,y,hj)
Readings:
- COL = colloquial reading (白讀)
- LIT = literary reading (文讀)
Chongniu (重紐) classes:
- CN3 = chongniu three
- CN4 = chongniu four (represented by an extra -i- or -j- in Baxter's orthography)
Some of the onset-rime combinations attested in rime books correspond to extremely rare characters. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the pronunciation of those characters in modern languages, the modern reflexes of those combinations have been omitted (for now). Accordingly, those combinations are not included in the "Distribution" columns of the following charts.
通攝 Tong She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Distr. | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||||
東一開 | ung | uwng | P T l S k kh x h ʔ |
ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ |
ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁) |
u [u] some uu [uː] |
ou [oː] | 옹 [oŋ] | |||
冬一開 | uong | owng | T S k |
ong [ʊŋ] | ung [ʊŋ] | o [o] some ou [oː] |
ou [oː] | 옹 [oŋ] | |||
東三開 | i̯ung | juwng | P l TR S dzr SY ny k kh g hj y |
ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /g,hj_ (窮雄熊) |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. y_ ) |
yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_ |
웅 [uŋ] | |||
鍾三開 | i̯wong | jowng | P l TR S SY ny k kh g ŋ x ʔ y |
ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. ʔ,y_ ) |
you [joː] ou [oː]/P_ |
옹 [oŋ] 용 [joŋ] /y_ | |||
屋一開 | uk | uwk | P T l S k kh x h ʔ |
u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | 옥 [ok] | |||
沃一開 | uok | owk | P T l S k kh x h ʔ |
u [u] but uo [uo] (沃) |
uk [ʊk] but juk [jʊk] (沃) |
oku [oku] | oku [oku] | 옥 [ok] | |||
屋三開 | i̯uk | juwk | P l TR S SR SY ny k kh g ŋ x ʔ hj |
u [u] ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] | uku [uku] /P_ oku [oku] /l,m_ |
uku [uku] /P_ oku [oku] /m_ |
욱 [uk] 옥 [ok] /P_ | |||
燭三開 | i̯wok | jowk | P l TR S SY ny k kh g ŋ x y |
u [u] ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_ |
oku [oku] yoku [joku] /y_ |
yoku [joku] | 옥 [ok] 욱 [uk] /K_ |
江攝 Jiang She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
江二開 | ång | æwng | iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) |
ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_ |
ou [oː] | au [oː] | 앙 [aŋ] | |||
覺二開 | åk | æwk | LIT üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) |
ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_ ak [ɐk] /ʔ_ |
oku [oku] /P_ aku [aku] |
aku [aku] | 악 [ak] |
止攝 Zhi She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
支三開 | ie̯ | j(i)e | i [i] but ei [ei] (碑卑被) |
ei [ei] /P,l,K_ i [iː] /S,TSRY_ |
i [i] | i [i] | 이 [i] 의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ | |||
脂三開 | i | (j)ij | i [i] but ei [ei] |
ei [ei] /P,d,l,nr,K_ i [iː] /S,SR,SY_ |
i [i] | i [i] | 이 [i] 아 [a] /ts,tsh,dz,s,_ | |||
之三開 | i | i | i [i] i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ |
ei [ei] /P,l,nr,K_ but eoi [ɵy] (裏) |
i [i] mostly o [o] /K_ |
i [i] | 이 [i] 의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ | |||
微三開 | e̯i | jɨj | i [i] (none /S,TSRY_) |
i [iː] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K_ |
e [e] | i [i] | 이 [i] 의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ | |||
支三合 | wie̯ | jw(i)e | uei [uei] uai [uai] /SR_ |
eoi [ɵy] wai [wɐi] /K_ |
ui [ui] wi [i] /K_ |
ui [ui] wi [i] /K_ |
위 [wi] 유 [ju] /k,kh_ | |||
脂三合 | wi | (j)wij | uei [uei] but i [i] (遺季悸) |
eoi [ɵy] wai [wɐi] /K_ |
ui [ui] wi [i] /K_ |
ui [ui] wi [i] /K_ incl. y_ |
우 [u] 유 [ju] / hj,l,ny,y_ | |||
微三合 | we̯i | jwɨj | uei [uei] ei [ei] /P_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /ʔ,hj_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /K_ |
위 [wi] /K_ 이 [i] /P_ |
遇攝 Yu She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
魚三開 | i̯wo | jo | ü [y] but u [u] (廬蘆) |
eoi [ɵy] /S,nr,l,K_ o [ɔː] /SR_ |
yo [jo] /TRSY,nr,ny,y_ o [o] /l,S,K,ʔ_ |
yo [jo] o [o] /SR_ |
||||
虞三合 | i̯u | ju | ü [y] u [u] /TSRY,P_ |
ou [ou] /m_ u [uː] /P_ |
u [u] /P,l,S,SY,hj,K,ʔ_ yu [ju] /SR,dzy,ny,y_ |
u [u] /P,l,SR,hj,K,ʔ_ yu [ju] /S,SY,ny,y_ |
||||
模一開 | uo | u | u [u] but (u)o [uo] (措模) |
ou [ou] /P,T,S,l_ ng [ŋ̩] /ŋ_ |
u [u] or o [o] | o [o] wo [o] /ʔ_ |
蟹攝 Xie She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
齊四開 | iei | ej | i [i] | ai [ɐi] | ai [ai] e [e] /K_ |
ei [eː] | ||||
祭三開 | i̯äi- | j(i)ejH | i [i] i [ʅ] /TSRY_ |
ai [ɐi] jai [jɐi] /y_ |
e [e] ei [eː] /y_ |
ei [eː] | ||||
泰一開 | âi- | ajH | ai [ai] but a [ɑ] (大) |
ui [uːi] /P_ aai [aːi] /T,l_ |
ai [ai] | ai [ai] | ||||
佳二開 | ai | ɛɨ | ai [ai] ia [iɑ] /K_ |
aai [aːi] but ai [ɐi] (矮) |
e [e] | ai [ai] | ||||
皆二開 | ăi | ɛj | ai [ai] ie [iɛ] /K_ |
aai [aːi] | e [e] | ai [ai] | ||||
夬二開 | ai- | æjH | ai [ai] ie [iɛ] /K_ |
aai [aːi] | e [e] | ai [ai] | ||||
咍一開 | âi | oj | ai [ai] ei [ei] /P_ |
oi [ɔːi] but aai [aːi] (猜態) |
ai [ai] | ai [ai] | ||||
廢三開 | i̯ɒi- | jojH | i [i] /ŋ_ | aai [aːi] /ŋ_ | e [e] | ai [ai] |
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
齊四合 | iwei | wej | uei [uei] /K_ but ie [iɛ] (攜) |
wai [wɐi] /K_ | we [e] | wai [ai] | ||||
祭三合 | i̯wäi- | jw(i)ejH | uei [uei] rui [ɻuei] /y_ |
eoi [ɵy] jeoi [jɵy] /y_ |
ai [ai] /TR,S_ e(i) [e(ː)] /SY,y_ |
ei [eː] wei [eː] /hj_ |
||||
泰一合 | wâi- | wajH | uei [uei] uai [uai] /ŋ_ (外) |
eoi [ɵy] ui [uːi] /K_ |
ai [ai] /T,S_ we [e] /K_ |
ai [ai] /T,S_ wai [ai] /K_ |
||||
佳二合 | wai | wɛɨ | ua [uɑ] /K_ but uo [uo] (蝸) |
waa [waː] /K_ but wo [wɔː] (蝸媧) |
we [e] /K_ | wai [(w)ai] /K_ | ||||
皆二合 | wăi | wɛj | uai [uai] /K_ | waai [waːi] /K_ | we [e] /K_ | wai [ai] /K_ | ||||
夬二合 | wai- | wæjH | uai [uai] /K_ but ua [uɑ] (話) |
waai [waːi] /K_ but waa [waː] (話) |
we [e] /K_ | wai [ai] /K_ | ||||
灰一合 | uâi | woj | uei [uei] ei [ei] /P,n,l_ |
ui [uːi] /P,K_ wai [wɐi] /ŋ_ |
ai [ai] /T,n,l,S_ e [e] /P_ |
ai [ai] wai [(w)ai] /K_ |
||||
廢三合 | i̯wɒi- | jwojH | ei [ei] /P_ uei [uei] /h,ʔ_ |
ai [ɐi] /P_ ui [uːi] /h_ |
o [o] /P_ we [e] /K_ |
ai [ai] /P_ wai [(w)ai] /K_ |
臻攝 Zhen She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
真三開 | jĕn | (j)in | in [in] but ün [yn] (訊汛) |
an [ɐn] eon [ɵn] /S,l_ |
CN3: in [iɴ] |
in [iɴ] | ||||
臻三開 | jɛn | in | en [ən] /SR_ | an [ɐn] /SR_ but eon [ɵn] (臻榛) |
in [iɴ] | in [iɴ] | ||||
欣三開 | jən | jɨn | in [in] /K_ | an [ɐn] /K_ jan [jɐn] /ʔ_ |
on [oɴ] | in [iɴ] | ||||
痕一開 | ən | on | en [ən] /K_ un [uən] /th_ (吞) |
an [ɐn] /K,th_ jan [jɐn] /ʔ_ (恩) |
on [oɴ] | on [oɴ] | ||||
質三開 | jĕt | (j)it | i [i] i [ʅ] /TR,SY,ny_ |
at [ɐt] (incl. /S_) but it [iːt] (必秩) |
iti [itɕi] but otu [otsu] (乙) |
itu [itsu] | ||||
櫛三開 | jɛt | it | SR_: e [ɤ] (瑟) |
at [ɐt] /SR_ but it [iːt] (櫛) |
iti [itɕi] | itu [itsu] | ||||
迄三開 | jət | jɨt | i [i] /K_ | at [ɐt] /K_ | oti [otɕi] | itu [itsu] | ||||
沒一開 | ət | ot | e [ɤ] /h_ | at [ɐt] /h_ | ? | ? |
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | |||||||
真三合 | juĕn | jwin | ün [yn] /K_ but iong [yʊŋ] (窘) |
wan [wɐn] /K_ | ||||||
淳三合 | juĕn | (j)win | ün [yn] /S,K_ but in [in] (尹) |
|||||||
文三合 | juən | jun | en [ən] /P_ ün [yn] /K_ |
|||||||
魂一合 | uən | won | en [ən] /P,n_ un [uən] /T,l,S,K_ |
|||||||
質三合 | juĕt | wit | ü [y] | |||||||
術三合 | juĕt | (j)wit | ü [y] /K,l_ u [u] /TR,SY_ |
|||||||
物三合 | juət | jut | u [u] /P_ but o [uɔ] (佛) |
|||||||
沒一合 | uət | wot | o [uɔ] /P_ but ei [ei] (沒白) |
山攝 Shan She
效攝 Xiao She
果攝 Guo She
假攝 Jia She
宕攝 Dang She
梗攝 Geng She
曾攝 Ceng She
流攝 Liu She
深攝 Shen She
咸攝 Xian She
Tones
- P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
- M = MC sonorant onset
- B = MC voiced obstruent onset
Tone | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese (?) | Korean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||||
平 Ping |
P | ∅ | ∅ | 55 | 55 | 55 | 44 | 44 | |||
M | 35 | 21 | 24 | 11 | 24 | ||||||
B | |||||||||||
上 Shang |
P | : | X | 214 | 35 | 51 | 31 | 52 | |||
M | 23 | 31 | |||||||||
B | 51 | 23 or 22 | 33 | 52 | |||||||
去 Qu |
P | - | H | 33 | 11 | 412 | |||||
M | 22 | 33 | 31 | ||||||||
B | |||||||||||
入 Ru |
P | ∅ (-p,t,k) |
∅ (-p,t,k) |
Random | 55 (short) 33 (long) |
32 | 21 | 4 | |||
M | 51 | 22 | 5 | 4 | 23 | ||||||
B | 35 |
Resources
Middle Chinese
- Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
- Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary
- Middle Chinese lookup tool
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
- Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
- Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)
Modern Chinese
Sino-Xenic
- Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)
- Japanese dictionary (old orthography lookup)
- Hanja lookup
- Sino-Vietnamese lookup
Other correspondence lists
Footnotes
- ↑ Bernhard Karlgren, also known as 高本漢.
- ↑ William Baxter.
- ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).
- ↑ The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 동국정운).