Rajadom of Ladakh
| [[]] map of Ladakh | |
| Capital | Leh |
| Head of State | His Royal Highness |
| Head of Government | ??? |
| Demonym | Ladakhi |
| Religions | |
| Official | Bön Buddhism |
| Other | Hinduism (Krishnaism) Sikhism |
| Languages | |
| Official | Ladakhi 77% Hindi 8% Punjabi 5% |
| Founding | 842 |
| Independence | 1842 |
| Area | 45,110 km² 17,417 mi² |
| Population | 134,000 |
| Ethnicities | Tibetans 72% Dards 15% Sikhs 8% Hindus 5% |
| Currency | 1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p) |
| Time zone | UTC +6:00 |
| Telephone Code | ??? |
| Registration | |
| Aviation | LDK |
| Amateur radio | LDK |
| Radio prefix | LDK |
| Organizations | Himalayan Confederacy |
| Sports | |
| Official | |
| Other | |
History
Texts in bold print are points of departure.
Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh show that the area has been inhabited from Neolithic times. Ladakh's earliest inhabitants consisted of a mixed Indo-Aryan population of Mons and Dards, who find mention in the works of Herodotus, Nearchus, Megasthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the geographical lists of the Puranas. Around the first century, Ladakh was a part of the Kushan Empire. Buddhism spread into western Ladakh from Kashmir in the second century when much of eastern Ladakh and western Tibet was still practicing the Bön religion. One of the five principal spiritual schools of Tibetan Buddhism, it remains the predominant religion of the rajadom. The seventh century Buddhist traveler Xuanzang also describes the region in his accounts.
In the eighth century, Ladakh was involved in the clash between Tibetan expansion pressing from the east and Chinese influence exerted from Central Asia through the passes. Suzerainty over Ladakh frequently changed hands between China and Tibet.
In 842, upon the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, Nyima-Gon, a Tibetan royal representative, annexed Ladakh for himself and founded a separate Ladakhi dynasty. During this period Ladakh acquired a predominantly Tibetan population. The dynasty promoted the second spreading of Buddhism (the first being the one in Tibet itself), importing religious ideas from northwest India, particularly from Kashmir.
In 912, Nyi-ma-mon, a great-grandson of Langdarma, the last king of the Tibetan Kingdom of Tubo, established a kingdom in Ngari and annexed Purang and Guge. Before dying, he divided his lands into three parts. His eldest son, Dal-gyi-mon, became the ruler of Mar-yul (Ladakh), his second son, Bra-shis-mon, received Guge-Purang, and the third son, Le-tsug-mon, received Zanskar.
Faced with the Islamic intrusions into South Asia in the thirteenth century, Ladakh sought guidance in religious matters from Tibet. For nearly two centuries, until the beginning of the seventeenth century, Ladakh was subject to raids and invasions from neighbouring Muslim states, which led some Ladakhis to convert to Islam who then fled to India.
In 1470, Lhachen Bhagan, the king of Basgo, overthrew the king of Leh, reuniting and strengthening Ladakh. He took the surname Namgyal and founded the Namgyal dynasty which survives to today. The Namgyals repelled raiders from Central Asia and temporarily extended the rajadom as far as Nepal.
In the early seventeenth century efforts were made to restore destroyed artifacts and gompas and the rajadom expanded into Zanskar and Spiti. In 1616, Sengge Namgyal conquered many parts of the Tibetan Plateau to the west. He died in 1642 on his return from an expedition against the Mongols who had occupied the Tibetan province of Tsang and were threatening Ladakh. However, despite a defeat by the Mughals, who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, Ladakh retained its independence.
In the late seventeenth century, Ladakh sided with Bhutan in its dispute with Tibet which resulted in its being invaded by Tibet. During the reign of Delegs Namgyal (1660–1685), the King of Kashmir, at the time a province in the Mogul Empire, arranged for the Tibetan army to leave Ladakh. As payment for the assistance, the king made conditions, one of which was to build a large Sunni Muslim mosque in Leh. He also required that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Treaty of Tismogang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but severely restricted Ladakh's independence, although the king returned to the Bön religion.
In 1834, the Dogras under Zorawar Singh, a general of Ranjit Singh, invaded and annexed Ladakh. In 1842, a Ladakhi rebellion re-established the rajadom's independence and restored the Namgyal raja to the throne. During the period of occupation, the deposed raja had been given the jagir of Stok. This remained the personal property of the Raja of Ladakh.
The Yarlung Rajas of Ladakh
| Name | Relationship | Reign | Died | Notes |
| 1) Palgye Gon | son of Kyide Nyima Gon king of Ngari |
960-990 | 990 | |
| 2) Drogon | son of 1) | 990-1020 | ||
| 3) rakpa De | son of 2) | 1020-1050 | ||
| 4) Changchub Sempa | son of 3) | 1020-1080 | ||
Lhachen Gyalpo (Lha-c‘en rgyal-po) … son of Lhachen Changchub Sempa c.1080–1110 Lhachen Utpala (Lha-c‘en ’Utpala) … son of Lhachen Gyalpo c.1110–1140 Lhachen Naglug (Lha-c‘en gnag-lug) … son of Lhachen Utpala c.1140–1170 Lhachen Gebhe (Lha-c‘en dge-bhe) … son of Lhachen Naglug c.1170–1200 Lhachen Jodor (Lha-c‘en jo-ldor) … son of Lhachen Gebhe c.1200–1230 Lhachen Tashi Gon (Lha-c‘en bkra-śis-mgon) … son of Lhachen Jodor c.1230–1260 Lhachen Kunga Namgyal (Lha-c‘en kun-dga’ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Tashi Gon c.1260–1290 Lhachen Jopal (Lha-c‘en jo-dpal) … son of Lhachen Kunga Namgyal c.1290–1320 Lhachen Ngodrup (Lha-c‘en dṅos-grub) … son of Lhachen Jopal c.1320–1350 Lhachen Jowo Rinchen (Lha-c‘en jo-bo rin-c‘en) … son of Lhachen Ngodrup c.1350–1380 Lhachen Sherab (Lha-c‘en śes-rab) … son of Lhachen Jowo Rinchen c.1380–1420 Lhachen Tritsug De (Lha-c‘en k‘ri-gtsug-lde) … son of Lhachen Sherab c.1420–1459: Lhachen Drakbum De (Lha-c‘en grags-’bum-lde) … son of Lhachen Tritsug De; in Leh & c.1420–1460 Lhachen Drakpa Bum (Lha-c‘en grags-pa-’bum) … son of Lhachen Tritsug De; in Rabten Lhatse 1459:–c.1470 Lodro Chogden (bLo-gros mc‘og-ldan) … son of Lhachen Drakbum De; in Leh; deposed c.1460–1500 Lhachen Bhara (Lha-c‘en bha-ra) … son of Lhachen Drakpa Bum; in Rabten Lhatse c.1500–1540 Lhachen Bhagan (Lha-c‘en bha-gan) … son of Lhachen Bhara c.1540–1555 Lhachen Lawang Namgyal (Lha-c‘en lha-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Bhagan; deposed c.1555–1575 Tashi Namgyal (bKra-śis rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Bhagan c.1575–1595 Tsewang Namgyal I (Ts‘e-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Lawang Namgyal c.1595–1616 Jamyang Namgyal (’Jam-dbyaṅs rnam-rgyal) … son of Lhachen Lawang Namgyal 1616–1623 Senge Namgyal (Seṅ-ge rnam-rgyal) … son of Jamyang Namgyal; deposed 1623–1624 Norbu Namgyal (Nor-bu rnam-rgyal) … son of Jamyang Namgyal 1624–1642 Senge Namgyal (Seṅ-ge rnam-rgyal) … restored 1642–1694 Deden Namgyal (bDe-ldan rnam-rgyal) … son of Senge Namgyal 1694–1729 Nyima Namgyal (Ñi-ma rnam-rgyal) … son of Delek Namgyal (bDe-legs rnam-rgyal), son of Deden Namgyal 1729–1739 Dekyong Namgyal (bDe-skyoṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Nyima Namgyal 1739–1753 Phuntsok Namgyal (P‘un-ts‘ogs rnam-rgyal) … son of Dekyong Namgyal 1753–1782 Tsewang Namgyal II (Ts‘e-dbaṅ rnam-rgyal) … son of Phuntsok Namgyal 1782–1802 Tseten Namgyal (Ts‘e-brtan rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Namgyal II 1802–1837 Tsepal Namgyal (Ts‘e-dpal rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Namgyal II; deposed Tsewang Rabten Namgyal (Ts‘e-dbaṅ-rab-brtan rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsepal Namgyal; associated 1830–1837 1837–1839 (to Sikh Kashmir) 1839–1840 Tsepal Namgyal (Ts‘e-dpal rnam-rgyal) … restored 1840–1842 Kunga Namgyal (Kun-dga’ rnam-rgyal) … son of Tsewang Rabten Namgyal; deposed (to Sikh Kashmir 1842)
Toponymy
The Tibetan name for the region is la-dwags meaning "land of mountain passes".
Government
Provinces (anchal)
| Dzongdey | Capital | Area | Population | Dzongkhag | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leh | Leh | 45,100 km² | 117,000 | Nubra Khalsi Leh Kharo Durabk Nyoma |
|
| Kargil | Kargil | 14,086 km² 5,439 mi² |
119,000 | Sarku Chiktan Shargole Taisu Zanskar Drass Kargil |
- Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 59,186 km², somewhat smaller than the American state of West Virginia.
Geography
Borders
Ladakh is bordered by on the:
North: Tibet
East: Tibet
South: Jammu
West: Jammu, Kashmir
Climate
Economy
Demographics
- The original inhabitants of Ladakh were Tibetans who immigrated into the region from the east. They still make up 72% of the population. They brought with them the variety of Buddhism known as Bön. An Indo-European people, known as Dards immigrated from the north. They make up about 15% of the population and have become Bön Buddhists.
- More recent immigrants from the south include Hindus and Sikhs. The Sikhs, 5% of the population, are the remnant of the brief occupation by the Sikh R.S. and are practitioners of the Udasi sect of Sikhism. They live mainly in the northern part of the Province of Kargil, although some live in the capital cities of Kargil and Leh. Most of them work in the business world or are in civil service. Their language Punjabi is one of the official languages of the Rajadom.
- The other group of immigrants from the south are the Indians, 8% of the population, who remained behind after the fall of the Moghul Empire. Most of them live in the southern part of the Province of Kargil and work the land. Their language Hindi is one of the official langauges of the rajadom. They are members of the Krishnaite sect of Hinduism.
Culture
National symbols
- National mammal: Markhor (Capra falconeri)
- National bird: Scarlet minivet (Pericrocotus flammeus speciosa]
- National flower: Brahma Kamal (Sausurrea obvallata)
- National tree: Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara)
- National dish: sku (noodle stew, with or without mutton)
- National emblem:
- National aviation roundel:
- National instrument: Wikipedia:
Ladakhi holidays
(Dates in italics are postponed)
| Date | Name | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14 February | Losar | New Year | |
| The King's Birthday | |||
| 28 February | Chotrul Duchen | Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only) | |
| 21 March | Father's Day | ||
| 27 May | Suga Dawa Duchen | The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and Parinirvana (2010 only) | |
| 21 June | Guru Rinpoche's Birthday | ||
| 15 July | Chokhor Duchen | The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only) | |
| 24 August | Ulambana | Ancestor Day (2010 only) | |
| 23 September | Thri-bab | Blessed Rainy Day (2010 only) | |
| 17 October | Dashain | Victory of the Goddess Durga (2010 only) | |
| 29 October | Lhabab Duchen | The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only)) | |
| 6 November |
