- Keβag
Every consonant comes with a lenited and palatalized counterpart. They are basic for declinantion and conjugation:
| Lenited form |
bh |
dh |
fh |
gh |
kh |
lh |
mh |
nh |
ph |
qh |
rh |
z |
th |
vh
|
| Alternative lenited form |
|
ð |
ɸ |
ɣ |
x |
ł |
μ |
|
|
|
|
|
θ |
β
|
| Full form |
b |
d |
f |
g |
k |
l |
m |
n |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
v
|
| Palatalized form |
b' |
d' |
f' |
ż |
c |
l' |
m' |
ň |
p' |
q' |
r' |
ş |
t' |
v'
|
Morphology
VSO - Shape
Article
There is both indefinite and definite article
Definite article
| Masculine
|
| Case |
Singular |
Plural
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| Nominative |
EN |
ë |
EMI |
en
|
| Genitive |
ENI |
ë |
EMOS |
en
|
| Dative |
EHO |
e |
EMIA |
eňa
|
| Accusative |
EH |
ë |
EMO |
en
|
| Feminine
|
| Case |
Singular |
Plural
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| Nominative |
ENA |
e |
ENI |
e
|
| Genitive |
ENAS |
en |
ENOS |
enu
|
| Dative |
EHA |
e |
ENIA |
eňa
|
| Accusative |
ENA |
e |
ENIO |
eň
|
Noun morphology
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant - Masculine
| vad (son)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADOM |
VADE |
ë vad |
en βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADI |
VADOS |
ë βad' |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADON |
VADIA |
e βad |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADO |
ë vad'u |
en βad
|
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Feminine
| vad (daughter)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADO |
VADI |
e vad |
e βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADAS |
VADOS |
en vad |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADIO |
VADIA |
e vad' |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADIO |
e vad'u |
eň βad'
|
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in consonant - Masculine
| eθen (hand)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
ETENOS |
ETENE |
ënh eθen |
eμ eθeň
|
| Genitive |
ETENI |
ETENOS |
ëň eθeň |
eμëz eθen
|
| Dative |
ETENON |
ETENIA |
e-eθen |
em'-eθeňa
|
| Accusative |
ETENIU |
ETENO |
ë-eθeňu |
eμ eθen
|
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in vowel - Feminine
| um (mother)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
UMO |
UMI |
enh um |
eň um'
|
| Genitive |
UMAS |
UMOS |
enhëz um |
enhëz um
|
| Dative |
UMIO |
UMIA |
e-um' |
eň-um'a
|
| Accusative |
UMIU |
UMIO |
enh um'u |
eň-um'o
|
- 3rd declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant
| da (house)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
DAK |
DAKI |
ë da |
e ðac
|
| Genitive |
DAKI |
DAKOS |
ë ðac |
enu dak
|
| Dative |
DAKON |
DAKIA |
e ðak |
eňa ðaca
|
| Accusative |
DAKIU |
DAKIO |
ë dacu |
eň ðac
|
Adjective morphology
Adjectives have a simpler morphology than nouns' one. They decline according their nouns' gender and number. As the position of adjectives is always after their nouns, if they begin in consonant, their first consonant undergoes lenition if required by the ancient last vowel of the noun. If they begin with a vowel the ancient last consonant of the desinence of the nouns could be restored (and lenited).
We have to enlist the entire declension path of nouns and adjective together, to show the changes they both may undergo.
- 1st adjectival declension - Adjectives starting in consonant after a noun ending in consonant (masculine)
| bok (new)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADOM BOKO |
VADE BOKE |
ë vad bok |
en βad' bhoc
|
| Genitive |
VADI BOKI |
VADOS BOKU |
ë βad' bhoc |
enu vad boku
|
| Dative |
VADON BOKI |
VADIA BOKI |
e βad boc |
eňa βad'a bhoc
|
| Accusative |
VADIU BOKU |
VADO BOKO |
ë vad'u bhoku |
en βad bhok
|
- 1st adjectival declension - Adjectives starting in consonant after a noun ending in vowel (feminine)
| bok (new)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADO BOKO |
VADI BOKE |
e vad bhok |
e βad' bhoc
|
| Genitive |
VADAS BOKAS |
VADOS BOKU |
en vad bok |
enu vad boku
|
| Dative |
VADIO BOKA |
VADIA BOKI |
e vad' bhok |
eňa βad'a bhoc
|
| Accusative |
VADIU BOKA |
VADIO BOKO |
e vad'u bhok |
eň βad' bhok
|
- 2st adjectival declension - Adjectives starting in vowel after a noun ending in consonant (masculine)
| aɣon (old)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADOM AGONO |
VADE AGONE |
ë vaðëμ aɣon |
en βad' aɣoň
|
| Genitive |
VADI AGONI |
VADOS AGONU |
ë βad' aɣoň |
enu vaðëz aɣonu
|
| Dative |
VADON AGONI |
VADIA AGONI |
e βaðënh aɣoň |
eňa βad'a aɣoň
|
| Accusative |
VADIU AGONU |
VADO AGONO |
ë vad'u aɣonu |
en βad aɣon
|
- 2nd adjectival declension - Adjectives starting in vowel after a noun ending in vowel (feminine)
| aɣon (old)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADO AGONO |
VADI AGONE |
e vad aɣon |
e βad' aɣoň
|
| Genitive |
VADAS AGONAS |
VADOS AGONU |
en vaðëz aɣon |
enu vaðëz aɣonu
|
| Dative |
VADIO AGONA |
VADIA AGONI |
e vad' aɣon |
eňa βad'a aɣoň
|
| Accusative |
VADIU AGONA |
VADIO AGONO |
e vad'u aɣon |
eň βad' aɣon
|
Pronouns
Personal
| English |
Nominative |
Genitive |
Dative |
Accusative |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
|
| I |
GA |
gë |
GOS |
go |
GOSIA |
goşë |
GAMO |
gëm
|
| Thou |
DA |
dë |
DOS |
do |
DOSIA |
doşë |
DAMO |
dëm
|
| He |
LO |
le |
LU |
lë |
LUIA |
lëjë |
LUMO |
lëm
|
| She |
SO |
se |
SA |
së |
SAIA |
sëjë |
SAMO |
sëm
|
| It |
NA |
në |
NES |
në |
NESIA |
nëşë |
NAMO |
nëm
|
| We |
MAN |
ma |
MANES |
man |
MANESIA |
manheşë |
MANEMO |
manhëm
|
| You |
TEL |
t'e |
TELOS |
t'el |
TELOSIA |
t'ełëşë |
TELOMO |
t'ełëm
|
| They |
KOD |
ke |
KODOS |
kod |
KODOSIA |
koðëşë |
KODOMO |
koðëm
|
Possessive
| English |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Modern lenited form
|
| My |
GOS |
go |
ɣo
|
| Your (thou) |
DOS |
do |
ðo
|
| His |
LU |
lë |
łë
|
| Her |
SA |
së |
zë
|
| Its |
NES |
në |
nhë
|
| Our |
MANES |
man |
μan
|
| Your |
TELOS |
tel |
θel
|
| Their |
KODOS |
kod |
xod
|
Possessive pronouns (a genitive form of personal pronouns) come after their nouns and endure lenition, if required. Examples:
- my house: ë da go
- of my house: ë ðac ɣo
- to her daughter: ë vad' zë
- we see their daughter: lo kat e vad'u xod
Verb morphology
Verbs conjugate according to person, number and aspect. They do not conjugate according to tense.
- 1st conjugation - Verbs starting in consonant
| kato (to see)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
LA KATE |
lë xac |
OLAS KATE |
olë kac
|
| Thou |
LEM KATEN |
lë kac |
OLEM KATEN |
ol kac
|
| He/She/It |
LO KAT |
le xa |
OLO KATO |
ol xat
|
| We |
LUV KATOM |
lo kat |
OLU KATOM |
olë xat
|
| You |
LUS KATI |
lo kac |
OLU KATIS |
olë xac
|
| They |
LI KATUN |
l'ë xatu |
OLI KATUN |
ol' xatu
|
- 2nd conjugation - Verbs starting in vowel
| aso (to eat)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
LA ASE |
l-aş |
OLAS ASE |
olëz aş
|
| Thou |
LEM ASEN |
lëμ aş |
OLEM ASEN |
olëμ aş
|
| He/She/It |
LO AS |
l-a |
OLO ASO |
ol-as
|
| We |
LUV ASOM |
loβ as |
OLU ASOM |
olë as
|
| You |
LUS ASI |
loz aş |
OLU ASIS |
olë aş
|
| They |
LI ASUN |
l'-asu |
OLI ASUN |
ol'-asu
|
The meaning of past is expressed by an adverbial particle, placed after the verb:
- DA → dë (lenited form: ðe)
Negative declensions
Verbs form negative sentences with special negative declensions:
- 1st conjugation - Verbs starting in consonant
| kato (to see)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
ME LA KATE |
μë xac |
ME OLAS KATE |
μolë kac
|
| Thou |
ME LEM KATEN |
μë kac |
ME OLEM KATEN |
μol kac
|
| He/She/It |
ME LO KAT |
μe xa |
ME OLO KATO |
μol xat
|
| We |
ME LUV KATOM |
mo kat |
ME OLU KATOM |
μolë xat
|
| You |
ME LUS KATI |
mo kac |
ME OLU KATIS |
μolë xac
|
| They |
ME LI KATUN |
m'ë xatu |
ME OLI KATUN |
μol' xatu
|
- 2nd conjugation - Verbs starting in vowel
| aso (to eat)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
ME LA ASE |
m-aş |
ME OLAS ASE |
μolëz aş
|
| Thou |
ME LEM ASEN |
μëμ aş |
ME OLEM ASEN |
μolëμ aş
|
| He/She/It |
ME LO AS |
m-a |
ME OLO ASO |
μol-as
|
| We |
ME LUV ASOM |
moβ as |
ME OLU ASOM |
μolë as
|
| You |
ME LUS ASI |
moz aş |
ME OLU ASIS |
μolë aş
|
| They |
ME LI ASUN |
m'-asu |
ME OLI ASUN |
μol'-asu
|
Examples:
- Did you see my house?: ol kac dë po ë dacu ɣo?
- My name is Marco: le bhe ë sefo go Marco
- He was eating your apple: l-a dë e galoňu ðo
Sentences
- Did you read the book?: olëμ arec dë po ë recu?
- What are you writing?: lë tawş po pacu?
- I speak Keβag: lë qhal' gë e Keβażu
- Don't you speak Keβag?: μë qal' po e Keβażu?
