Every consonant comes with a lenited and palatalized counterpart. They are basic for declinantion and conjugation:
| Lenited form |
bh |
dh |
fh |
gh |
kh |
lh |
mh |
nh |
ph |
qh |
rh |
z |
th |
vh
|
| Alternative lenited form |
|
ð |
ɸ |
ɣ |
x |
ł |
μ |
|
|
|
|
|
θ |
β
|
| Full form |
b |
d |
f |
g |
k |
l |
m |
n |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
v
|
| Palatalized form |
b' |
d' |
f' |
ż |
c |
l' |
m' |
ň |
p' |
q' |
r' |
ş |
t' |
v'
|
Morphology
VOS - Shape
Noun morphology
- 1st conjugation - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Masculine
| vad (son)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADOM |
VADE |
ë vad |
en βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADI |
VADOS |
ë βad' |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADON |
VADIA |
e βad |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADO |
ë vad'u |
en βad
|
- 1st conjugation - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Feminine
| vad (daughter)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADO |
VADI |
e vad |
e βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADAS |
VADOS |
en vad |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADIO |
VADIA |
e vad' |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADIO |
e vad'u |
eň βad'
|
- 3rd conjugation - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant
| da (house)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
DAK |
DAKI |
ë da |
e ðac
|
| Genitive |
DAKI |
DAKOS |
ë ðac |
enu dak
|
| Dative |
DAKON |
DAKIA |
e ðak |
eňa ðaca
|
| Accusative |
DAKIU |
DAKIO |
ë dacu |
eň ðac
|
Pronouns
Possessive
| English |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Modern lenited form
|
| My |
GOS |
go |
ɣo
|
| Your (thou) |
DOS |
do |
ðo
|
| His |
LU |
lë |
łë
|
| Her |
SA |
së |
zë
|
| Its |
NES |
në |
nhë
|
| Our |
MANES |
man |
μan
|
| Your |
TELOS |
tel |
θel
|
| Their |
KODOS |
kod |
xod
|
Possessive pronouns (a genitive form of personal pronouns) come after their nouns and endure lenition, if required. Examples:
- my house: ë da go
- of my house: ë ðac ɣo
- to her daughter: ë vad' zë
- we see their daughter: lo kat e vad'u xod
