Proto-Uralic/derived
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Potential pre-Uralic or inter-Uralic derivation relationships.
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cold | ||||||||||
| "ice" | *jää | *jéŋɤ | jäj | *ij | *jɤɤ | jeeg | *jääŋk | *jööŋk | *jaŋ | *jäŋi |
| "to become cold" | *jäähty- | *jéŋsó- | jäkše- | *jükše- | - | - | - | *jöɣli- | - | *jäŋ-(k)šti- |
| "to freeze" | (*jääty-) | - | - | - | K. jɤd- | - | *jäänt- | *jentəl- | *jäŋ-ta (later formation in F.) | |
| Hot | ||||||||||
| "to burn (itr.)" | *pala- | *pólé- | palo- | - | - | - | *puul- | *puul- | *pålä- | |
| "to burn (tr.)" | *poltta- | *poalté- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| The "fish"/"net" cluster | ||||||||||
| "fish" | *kala | *kólé | kal | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "net" | *kalim | - | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | ||
| "to fish with a net" | *kulta | *kolté | - | *kelðə- | *kaalt- | - | *kult- | *kåål- | Se. qolde- | *kulki-ta? Ma. & P. point to *ä |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | K. tɯl | - | *tåləɣ | *toɣəl | - | Metathesis?! |
| "fish trap" | *kola | - | - | - | K. koĺas | - | - | - | - | |
| Long vs. short vowels | ||||||||||
| "to swallo" | *neele- | *ńélɤ- | ńiĺe- | *nela- | *ńɯl(ɯ)- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeel- | *nɤl- | West *ńexli, East *ńäl |
| "tongue" | - | *ńálmé | - | *ńəlmə | - | ńelv, ńeev | *ńiiləm | *ńääləm | Ne. næmu ← *nåjmå | *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma |
| "hunger; tasty" | *nälkä | *ńálkés | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S. *néalké "hunger" ← F. |
| "to die" | *koole- | - | kulo- | *kole- | *kuul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | *ko/axli- |
| "death" | *kalma | *kólmé | kalma | - | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | *kalma |
| "to kill" | F. kaata- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Implies *kaxi-ta/-li |
| "pole" | *vooli | - | - | - | K. ɯɯ ? | - | *ula | *wol | - | |
| "pole" | *ulku | *holkɤ | olga | - | *aawla | *oɣəl | *uj | |||
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | *lüe- | K. lɯj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | |
| "to find" | *lewtä- | - | - | - | - | leel | - | - | - | Or F. ← (pre-)Gmc. |
| Umlaut pairs | ||||||||||
| "foot" | *jalka | *jólké | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | ||
| "trace" | *jälki | - | - | - | - | jel | - | *jääɣəl | *je | Smy. "foot" |
| "tear" | *küünel | *kɤńɤl | - | - | U. -kɯĺi | köńń | - | - | kəńələ | |
| "to blink" | F. kyyny | - | końe- | *kɤɤme- | *kuń | huń | - | *koń- | *kəń- | |
| Peelings | ||||||||||
| "crust" | *koori | - | kaŕ | - | K. kɯrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | - | |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *köör | *koor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | *kêti | OU *kEr |
| "skin" | *keti | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | Se. ker | |
| "skin" | *kiĺ | *kääĺən | *-äðʲ- | |||||||
| Kinship concatenation? | ||||||||||
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | vóppɤ | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | ||
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | *vóném | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | ||
| "aunt" | *vóńé- | ańa- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań(-iikʷa) | *anəkə | *ɤńä | ||
| Ladies | ||||||||||
| "woman" | *naj-nen | - | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | ||
| "girl" | *nejtVj | *néjtɤ | ni | - | *nɯl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | |
| Numerals | ||||||||||
| "1" | *ükti | *ɤktɤ | E. vejke | *iktə | U. odig ~ K. ɤťik | *ük | *ej | - | Basically *üki. Mk. fkä | |
| "9" | *ükteksä | *ɤkcé | vejksa | *əənðekšə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "5" | *viiti | *vítɤ | veťä | *wəəc | *vit | öt | *ät | *weet | *wüt | West *wixti, East *wet |
| "2" | *kakti | *kókté | kavta | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | West *ka2ktV, East *kêta, P. unclear |
| "8" | *kakteksa | *kákcé | kavkso | Hi. känðäkš ~ Me. kanðaš |
- | - | - | - | - | |
| "6" | *kuuti | *kútɤ | koto | *kut | *kwať | hat | *kuut | *kaat | - | West *kuxti, East *ka2t, P. unclear |
| "20" | - | - | (komś) | - | *kɯź | huus | *kuus | *koos | - | |
| Open | ||||||||||
| "to open" | *ava- | - | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | |||
| "opening" | *aw-kko | *vóŋɤs | *oŋkśt | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | K. also vom |
| Existential | ||||||||||
| "to be" | *ole- | *åə- | *wo-li- | |||||||
| "to take" | *(v)otta- | *wo-kta- | ||||||||
| "own" | *oma | *oamé | umo-k | - | U. umoɯ | oo | - | - | - | *wo-ma |
| "to giv" | *anta- | *vómté- | ando- | *omta- | *uud- | ad- | - | - | - | *ëm-ta, but cf. prev. |
| "beginning" | *alka- | *vólké- | - | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | |
| More | ||||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | K. pu- | föö- | *pääj- | - | *pi- | *pexi |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsé- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | *pEša |
| "finger" | *sormi | *sórmɤ | *sur | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sormi |
| "fist" | - | *čórmɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. sormuŋk | |
| "span" | - | - | - | *šorž | - | aras | *taarəs | *soort | - | *sorśi, Kh. metathesis? |
| "ro roast" | (korta-) | *koarté- | kəərta- | Me. korðəm- | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← S. |
| "to scorch" | *korpi- | *kórpɤ- | Er. kurva- ~ Mk. koŕve- |
- | - | hërvad- | - | - | *kårpə- | |
| "to pluck" | *kitke/o- | *kɤcké- | kočko- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ki/ôčka- |
| "to pull" | *kisko- | *kɤškó- | Er. śkiŕa- ~ Mk. kəśkəŕa- | - | U. keśɯ- ~ K. koś- | kiisaal- | - | - | - | *kiśka- |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
