Proto-Samoyedic

Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Uralic to Proto-East Uralic

These sound changes appear to be shared with Ugric.

• *s, *š → *θ ([ɬ]?)
• *(t)sʲ → *(t)s
• *ðʲ → *lʲ (shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
• *k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_ə
• *Ck, kC → *ɣC / C = *θ, *s
• *wð → *ɣð (*täwði)

Proto-East Uralic to Proto-Samoyedic

• *ŋ → *n / _θ (*jOŋsi)
• *m → *p / _θ (*pImsimi)
• *θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous — *mt *ŋt remain)
• *ts → *s ?
• *x → *ə (probably common Uralic)
• *o → *a (may feed fronting to *ä)
• *ü → *i (feeds the next)
• *i, *u → *ə / _Ca
• *e → *i / _C(C)a
• *ɤ → *ɯ / _Ca (sometimes elsewhere: ɯnʲə, *lɯmpə)
• *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, has been interpreted as a common Finno-Ugric innovation *o → *u / _i)

(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes! *o → *u / _Ca is not possible however)

• *l → *lʲ / _C, _#_, _i(C)#
• possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (if not common Uralic)
• *ä → *e [ɛ] or [e]?
• *a → *ä [æ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere)
• *a → *a [ɑ]? / stem-finally after a lateral or after front vowels (sometimes elsewhere)
• *a → *ə / sometimes stem-finally (*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora)
• *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere

• *i → *ə / _# (not feasible as PEU per palatalization of *l)

• *ə → ∅ / VC_# (postcedes x-vocalization, exceptions *juri, *sʲüðʲi)
• *ɣ → ∅

• *k → ∅ / _C_ (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. *w-loss)
• *w → *m / _lʲ (*käðʲwa)
• *lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *ä, feeds the next)
• *i → *ə / _j
• *ð → *r
• *e → *ü / _Cw (*käðwi, *jäwji; but not in *täwði)
• *w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; *jäwji, *käliw, *täwði, etc. Remains *täwiw → *tiwə, also in *jw)