Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:
- short vowels = branches agree
- except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
- Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
- Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps
| Lexeme | FV example | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | ||||||||
| "bit" | F. pala | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly K. palak "hole" |
| "fish" | F. kala | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "pot" | F. pata | *paat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | *paača- | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "young deer" | Mk. śarda | *šaarðɤ | - | - | *suurtə | *suurtə | Ne. siraj ? | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to step" | F. askel- | *aaškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | - | *vɤɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial |
| "to go carefully" | S. *váncé- | *waanče- | U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | *čaaŋɣe- | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | S. *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization? |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | Ms. transfer of labialization? | |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | *kaaja- | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | K. ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation? |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *kooe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw- |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | *jaaŋɤže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rake" | F. hara | *šaar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Ma. *o, P. *oo, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | ||||||||
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | *koðV- | U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to steal" | F. sala- | *šolə- | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "white" | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "to dry" | - | - | *śur- | saar- | *šuur- | #saar- | - | |
| "low ground" | - | - | U. śum | - | *suujəm | *saajəm | - | |
| "crust" | F. kamara | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | köömtol ~ kamtul? | - | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *šinće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | *tensə- | Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?) |
| Indistinct between the previous two | ||||||||
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | *kaande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | Ma. & Kh. disagree (in a different direction from "fish") |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | - | *vɤɤj(ɯ)- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | - | *ćoorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | No F. or Mo. |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | |
| "rump" | Mk. kaska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to roash" | F. paahta- | - | *pɤɤž- | - | - | - | - | P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length? |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | *šoo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-) |
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nuðo | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "to want" | Mk. karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårmä ? | |
| "death" | F. kalma | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | Cf. "to die" | |
| "knot" | Mk. pakškä | - | - | - | - | - | *påktV | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit" |
| "crane" | Mk. karga | - | - | - | - | - | *kårə ? | F. kurki |
| "thru" | Mk. šačk | - | - | - | - | - | Se. sačk | Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation? |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman" | |
| Apparent std. PU *ax | ||||||||
| "streak" | F. juoni | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. jan |
| "shelter" | F. suoja | *šaaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | |
| "bed" | F. vuode | *aaĺ | - | - | if F. not ← vuota ← B. | |||
| "mountain" | F. vuori | *waar | Related to *wara? | |||||
| "tree spec." | F. saarni | *šäärtńi, šartńi | *śir | - | - | - | - | Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" |
| "to lecture" | F. saarna- | - | K. śorni- | - | - | *sarna- | - | S. *sárné (if not ← F) |
| "" | ||||||||
| Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision) | ||||||||
| "pit" | F. kuoppa | U. gop | Coincidental? | |||||
| "crust" | F. kuori | - | K. kɯrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | Sk. ker- ? | Mo. kaŕ |
| "spruce" | S. *kósɤ | *kož | U. kɯz ~ K. koz | - | *kawt | *kooɬ | *kåət | F. kuusi, Mo. kuz |
| "to die" | F. kuole- | *kole- | *kul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | Mo. kulo- |
| "to lick" | F. nuole- | *nɤɤle- | *ńul- | ńal- | *ńal- | *ńal- | *ńåə- | S. noaló-, Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms |
| "berry" | F. puola | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? | *pul | - | *pål- | |
| "intestine" | F. suoli | *šol | *śul | - | - | *sol | - | |
| "pole" | F. vuoli | - | K. ɯɯ ? | - | *ula | *wol | *uj | |
| "year" | F. vuosi | - | *vaa | vaĺ | - | *ål ? | - | |
| "" | ||||||||
| Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i) | ||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | (K. gɯd) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | K. dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ? |
| "100" | Mk. śada | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ? |
| "land" | F. maa | *mü, *mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | *nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | |
| "land" | F. lansi | Hi. landaka | *lud | - | - | - | *lɤmtu- | ← IE at least in Ma? |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | *naašmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni | |
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | *üp | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "swede" | Ve. nagriž | - | - | - | *nɯɯr | *naaɣər | - | |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "vein" | Mk. san | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | *ëx! F. suoni |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | *ëx! F. nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Ne. śaaw ?? | *ëx! F. suomu |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | *lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom |
| "to bite" | S. kácké- | *kaačka- | K. gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | No F. or Mo. |
| "bitter" | F. katkera | *kaača- | U. kɤš | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | Deriv. of the previous? |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | |
| "to produce" | F. suolta- | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | if F. not ← *soxli |
| "to reach" | Er. saźu- | *sudź- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to whittle" | F. vuole- | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *walt- | ||
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!) | ||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *ül | *ul | al- | *jal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | - | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only. Check Smy forms. |
| "sembra" | - | - | *sus | - | *tɯɯt | *ɬɯɯɣəɬ | *tɯtə(k) | Ms. per original closed syllable? |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *mokš | *musk | maaj | *majət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | *optə- | K. oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | ||
| "to giv" | F. anta- | - | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| to be sorted | ||||||||
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | *oozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | Komi ozɯr without /v/- |
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | S. kájó- | |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *wole- | *wɯɯɣəl | ? aa~ee | - | |||
| "smell" | F. katku | K. kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev. | |
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ? | |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | - | *čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- |
| "to accuse" | NS guoccot | - | U. kušɯ | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
| "groove" | F. latu | *laaðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rotten" | - | *kaaškə- | *kuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "early" | - | *aažno | *vaadź | - | - | - | - | Can also be *o? |
| "to look" | - | *aanče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to close" | - | paačke- | U. pɯškɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "across" | - | *kaač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | *jaada- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | |
| "tail" | - | *paač | *bɤɤž | - | *panš | *poč | *pančå | Could also be *o? |
| "to gro" | - | *paaše- | *pušjɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to unravel" | S. *rúnč- | *raanće- | K. radź- | ronɟ | - | *ratə- | - | |
| "to dig" | Mk. kara- | *kaare- | K. kɯr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɯr- in general "to wash" |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | *šaača- | U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | ||
| "wet" | Mk. načka | *naačkə | - | - | - | *ńašak | - | Khanty "raw" |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | U. ɯb- | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- | |
| "pale" | - | šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | *šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jämä | |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé, koaccé | |
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | *kɤɤčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "gull" | F. kajava | K. gaďa | - | *kåjik | - | - | S. kájéké | |
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | |||
| "arch" | S. kóŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | Might be *o, despite F. kaari |
| "dry place" | F. kaŋŋas | *kaŋɣa | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "instrument" | Mk. kaŕźi | *kärəš | U. kɯre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "coarse" | F. karke- | - | *gɯr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | *kuška- | hason ? | - | - | - | - | H. "use, advantage" |
| "to (let) go" | Mk. laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | *laśke- ? | *låsɣə- | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "pond" | F. lampi | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *lɤpä | Cf. next! |
| "flat" | F. lappea | *lap | *laap | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. *láppɤ "aside" |
| "to get wet" | *lóccɤ- | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | In. lakso | *laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | |
| "snot" | F. natta | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- | |
| "fishing gear" | - | *mača | - | - | - | - | Se. maaše- | Coincidental? |
| "woods" | S. *móiðé | - | - | - | - | - | Se. mačče | Weak. IS "hunt" |
| "rodent" | Mk. maksa- | - | - | - | - | *maaɣ | - | Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver" |
| "berry" | F. marja | *mör | - | - | *maari ? | *muur- ? | - | OU may be related to *mura |
| "to be able" | Mk. mašto- | *mɤšte- | - | - | *muust- | *moštə- | - | |
| "blueberry" | - | *moodə | - | - | - | - | Ka. modo | |
| "beaver" | F. majava | U. mɯj ~ K. moj | S. *májéké, Er. mijav | |||||
| "to bury" | - | *müde- | *mudɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sink" | - | - | - | maart- | *muur- | *marət- | ||
| "penis" | S. *póčɤ | - | - | fas | - | - | - | |
| "thru" | Mk. pačk | - | K. pɯšji | - | *puuš | - | Se. pooč | |
| "painted" | - | ? pač | U. pužɯ | - | - | - | Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu- | |
| "to press" | F. paina- | - | *paańV- | - | *pańəɣt | - | Ka. paŋdə- | |
| "willow" | F. paju | *baď | faɟal | - | - | *pewə | ||
| "to burst" | F. pakahtu- | - | - | fakad- | - | *paaɣ- | - | |
| "much" | F. paljo | Hi. pülä | - | - | *paal | - | *påj | F. possibly ← Gmc. |
| "to put" | F. pane- | *paańəža- | *pɤn- | - | *pun- | *pan- | *pɯn- | |
| "to freeze" | Mk. palo- | - | - | faɟ | *paaĺ- | *pojət- | ||
| "flock" | F. parvi | - | *pur | - | - | *parə | - | |
| "good" | Mk. para | *pooro | *bur | - | - | - | - | ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover" |
| "gadfly" | Es. parm | *paarmə | - | - | - | - | - | F. paarm, Mo. purom |
| "hole" | - | *raaž | K. roź | rees | - | - | - | |
| "close" | F. rakas | - | - | rokon | *raaw | *raɣ | - | |
| "to bild" | F. rakenta- | - | - | rak- | - | - | - | |
| "river" | Mk. rava | - | - | - | - | *roɣə | - | Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" |
| "to want" | F. havi- | - | - | - | *taŋk- | *ɬaŋkaa- | - | Ve. habi- |
| "asp" | F. haapa | *šaapke | - | - | - | - | - | S. *súpé; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?! |
| "ski" | *čójkɤ | - | - | - | *taj- | - | *tåj(-kə) | |
| "piece" | F. sukku | - | - | sak | - | *sak | - | |
| "thick" | F. sakea | *šukɤ | K. suk | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stand" | - | *šaa(l)ɣ- | *sul- | aall- | - | - | - | U. also sɯl- |
| "to split" | F. sali- | - | - | sil | - | - | - | Cf. F. säle "splinter" |
| "net needle" | S. *čópsémé | *šaapš | - | - | *taas | #sååpəs | - | No F. or Mo. Possibly *o? |
| "currant" | - | *šaaptər | U. suter ~ K. setɤr | - | - | - | - | |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | #såås | ||
| "1000" | - | - | *śurs | - | *šaatər- | *ťarəs | Cf. "100" | |
| "series" | F. sarja | - | *śoor | - | - | - | - | |
| "gold, copper" | - | - | - | arań | *tarəń | *ɬoorńə | ||
| "to hurry" | - | - | - | sorog- | #surəkt | *saarək | ||
| "to shade" | - | *šöšte- | K. saśtɯ- | - | - | - | - | "to darken" vs. "to hide" |
| "sister" | Mk. sazor | *šɤɤžar | *soozər | F. sisar ← B. | ||||
| "staff" | F. sauva | - | - | - | *suuw | *soɣ | - | S. *čávŋé |
| Loan etymologies available for some branches | ||||||||
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic | |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | *kurɯd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "bay" | F. lahti | - | - | - | *look | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "hut" | F. talas | - | U. tɯlɯs | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala- |
| "far" | F. kauka(lo) | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ? | - | Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV- |
| "to look" | F. katso- | - | U. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "flat" | F. lattea | *laptɤ | - | - | - | *laaptək | *lApta ? | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "board" | F. lauta | - | - | - | - | - | *lAta | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "branch" | F. hanka | - | - | aag | *tɯɯɣ | *ɬaɣə | - | F. ← Gmc. |
| "cheap" | F. halpa | *šulðɤ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *salwa ? |
| Messy crap | ||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "sour" | F. hapan | *šaabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "2" | S. *kókté | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kekta in eastern branches |
| "armpit" | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kun | hoon | *kanəl | *konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal |
| "nits" | Mk. śar̥ka | *šarkeńe | *śerel | - | N. seeri ? | E. sɯr ? | Ka. šurijar ? | S. čívrós, F. saivar |
| "elm" | Mk. śäĺi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä. |
| "fly" | Mk. karvo | *karme | - | - | - | - | - | F. kärpänen |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| "skis" | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to graze" | S. kótó- | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu- | |
| "vessel" | F. saima- | - | U. śumɯk | - | - | *sooma ? | Se. somma ? | Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place. |
