Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:
- *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
- Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
- Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
| Lexeme | FV example | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. *aa, P. *oo, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | ||||||||
| "bit" | F. pala | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly Komi palak "hole" |
| "pot" | F. pata | *paat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | *paača- | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to step" | F. askel- | *aaškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | - | *vɤɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial |
| "to go carefully" | S. *váncé- | *waanče- | U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | *čaaŋɣe- | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Samic *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization? |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | Ms. transfer of labialization? | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | *kaaja- | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | ||||||||
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | *koðV- | U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to steal" | F. sala- | *šolə- | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "white" | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "crust" | F. kamara | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | köömtol ~ kamtul? | - | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *šinće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | *tensə- | Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?) |
| Indistinct between the previous two | ||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | Ma. & Kh. disagree |
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | *kaande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | Ma. & Kh. disagree the other way |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | - | *vɤɤj(ɯ)- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *kooe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw- |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | - | *ćoorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | No F. or Mo. |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | |
| "rump" | Mk. kaska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | K. ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation? |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | *šoo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-) |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nudo | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit" |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman" | |
| Apparent std. PU *ax | ||||||||
| "streak" | F. juoni | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. jan |
| "shelter" | F. suoja | *šaaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | |
| "bed" | F. vuode | *aaĺ | - | - | if F. not ← vuota ← B. | |||
| "mountain" | F. vuori | *waar | Related to *wara? | |||||
| "tree spec." | F. saarni | *šäärtńi, šartńi | *śir | - | - | - | - | Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" |
| "to lecture" | F. saarna- | - | K. śorni- | - | - | *sarna- | - | S. *sárné (if not ← F) |
| "" | ||||||||
| Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision) | ||||||||
| "pit" | F. kuoppa | U. gop | Coincidental? | |||||
| "crust" | F. kuori | - | K. kɯrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | Sk. ker- ? | Mo. kaŕ |
| "spruce" | S. *kósɤ | *kož | U. kɯz ~ K. koz | - | *kawt | *kooɬ | *kåət | F. kuusi, Mo. kuz |
| "to die" | F. kuole- | *kole- | *kul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | Mo. kulo- |
| "to lick" | F. nuole- | *nɤle- | *ńul- | ńal- | *ńal- | *ńal- | *ńåə- | Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms |
| "berry" | F. puola | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? | *pul | - | *pål- | |
| "intestine" | F. suoli | *šol | *śul | - | - | *sol | - | |
| "pole" | F. vuoli | - | K. ɯɯ ? | - | *ula | *wol | *uj | |
| "year" | F. vuosi | - | *vaa | vaĺ | - | *ål ? | - | |
| "" | ||||||||
| Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i) | ||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | (K. gɯd) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | K. dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ? |
| "100" | Mk. śada | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ? |
| "land" | F. maa | *mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | Reduction of *x? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | *nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | |
| "land" | F. lansi | Hi. landaka | *lud | - | - | - | *lɤmtu- | ← IE at least in Ma? |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | *naašmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni | |
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | *üp | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "swede" | Ve. nagriž | - | - | - | *nɯɯr | *naaɣər | - | |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "vein" | Mk. san | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | *ëx! F. suoni |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | *ëx! F. nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Ne. śaaw ?? | *ëx! F. suomu |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | *lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom |
| "to bite" | S. kácké- | *kaačka- | K. gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | No F. or Mo. |
| "bitter" | F. katkera | *kaača- | U. kɤš | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | Deriv. of the previous? |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | |
| "to produce" | F. suolta- | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | if F. not ← *soxli |
| "to whittle" | F. vuole- | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *walt- | ||
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!) | ||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *ül | *ul | al- | *jal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | - | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only. Check Smy forms. |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *mokš | *musk | maaj | *majət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | *optə- | K. oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | ||
| "to giv" | F. anta- | - | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| to be sorted | ||||||||
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | *oozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | Komi ozɯr without /v/- |
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | - | fal | - | *pal | - | ||
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | S. kájó- | |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *wole- | *wɯɯɣəl | ? aa~ee | - | |||
| "smell" | F. katku | K. kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev. | |
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ? | |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | - | *čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- |
| "to accuse" | NS guoccot | - | U. kušɯ | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
| "groove" | F. latu | *laaðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rotten" | - | *kaaškə- | *kuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "early" | - | *aažno | *vaadź | - | - | - | - | Can also be *o? |
| "to look" | - | *aanče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "across" | - | *kaač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | *jaada- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to dig" | Mk. kara- | *kaare- | K. kɯr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɯr- in general "to wash" |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | *šaača- | U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | ||
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | *jaaŋɤže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "wet" | Mk. načka | *naačkə | - | - | - | *ńašak | - | Khanty "raw" |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | U. ɯb- | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- | |
| "pale" | - | šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | *šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jämä | |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé, koaccé | |
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | *kɤčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "gull" | F. kajava | K. gaďa | - | *kåjik | - | - | S. kájéké | |
| "death" | F. kalma | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | From *kaxli- "to die" | |
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | |||
| "arch" | S. kóŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | |
| "dry place" | F. kaŋŋas | *kaŋɣa | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "crane" | Mk. karga | - | - | - | - | - | *kårə ? | F. kurki |
| "to want" | Mk. karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårmä ? | |
| "instrument" | Mk. kaŕźi | *kärəš | U. kɯre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "coarse" | F. karke- | - | *gɯr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | *kuška- | hason ? | - | - | - | - | H. "use, advantage" |
| "to (let) go" | Mk. laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | *laśke- ? | *låsɣə- | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "pond" | F. lampi | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *lɤpä | Cf. next! |
| "flat" | F. lappea | *lap | *laap | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. *láppɤ "aside" |
| "to get wet" | *lóccɤ- | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | In. lakso | *laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | |
| "snot" | F. natta | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- | |
| Loan etymologies available for some branches | ||||||||
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic | |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | *kurɯd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "bay" | F. lahti | - | - | - | *look | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "hut" | F. talas | - | U. tɯlɯs | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala- |
| "far" | F. kauka(lo) | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ? | - | Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV- |
| "to look" | F. katso- | - | U. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "flat" | F. lattea | *laptɤ | - | - | - | *laaptək | *lApta ? | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "board" | F. lauta | - | - | - | - | - | *lAta | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| Messy crap | ||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "sour" | F. hapan | *šaabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "2" | S. *kókté | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kekta in eastern branches |
| "armpit" | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kun | hoon | *kanəl | *konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal |
| "fly" | Mk. karvo | *karme | - | - | - | - | - | F. kärpänen |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| "skis" | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to graze" | S. kótó- | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu- | |
Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Mansi
| Proto-Mansi | North () | East () | South () | West () |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | åå | |||
| *ɯɯ | aa | ɤɤ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
Khanty
| Proto-Khanty | North () | East () | South (DN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | ɔɔ | aa | aa |
| *åå | ɔɔ | ||
| *oo | uu | o | oo |
| *ɯɯ | ɯɯ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
