Koġołħuẓ
| Koġołħuẓ Koġołħuẓ | |
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| Qwynegold | |
Phonology and phonotactics
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||||||
| Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | g | ʔ | |||||||||||||
| Ejectives | ʈ’ | q’ⁿ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fricatives | *θ | s | z | ʃ | *ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | *x | h | ɦ | ||||||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | ɺ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vowels | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
| High | i | u | ||||||||
| High-mid | o | |||||||||
| Mid | ||||||||||
| Low-mid | ɛ | |||||||||
| Low | ɑ | |||||||||
Grammars
Koġołħuẓ is consonental root language, but unlike Semitic languages, each root doesn't need to be three consonants. In Koġołħuẓ every root can be between one and three consonants. Grammars are expressed by adding vowels between the consonants. The vowels are /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /u/ and a null vowel (Ø). The null vowel stands for the absence of a vowel. Some consonants have a vocalic allophone, these pairs are /ʔ/-[ɑ], /ŋ/-[ɛ], /j/-[i] and /w/-[u]. These consonants turn into their vocalic counterpart to avoid illegal clusters, which often result from the insertion of the null vowel. In the following grammars explanation, infixes are represented as groups of three vowels. Each of these three vowels is inserted into its right place in the root.
Nouns
The first vowel of all nouns is null, because the first position is used for derivation. The second vowel stand for the type of case: a for cases related to the accusative, e for locative cases, i for different kinds of nominative cases and o for the rest of the cases (which have in common that the word they are applied to usually are neither the subject nor the direct object of the sentence). The third vowel does not have such a systematic meaning, but there are some patterns that can be seen; Ø is used for the most "basic" or "simplest" cases and e is used for cases that are often used together with inanimate nouns.
Koġołħuẓ has the following 14 cases + the zero-syntactic form.
- (*)Abstract accusative - ØaØ
- Allative - Øei
- Benefactive - Øoa
- Comitative - Øou
- (*)Concrete accusative - Øaa
- (*)Declarative - ØiØ
- Elative - Øea
- (*)Inanimate nominative - Øie
- Instrumental - Øoe
- Locative - Øee
- (*)Measure - Øau
- Nominative - Øii
- (*)Passive - Øai
- (*)Possessed - Øae
- (*)Unvoluntary nominative - Øia
- Zero-syntactic - ØØØ
The abstract accusative is used for the semantic roles of range and result.
The allative is used for the semantic role of goal, i.e. what something moves towards.
The benefactive is used for beneficiaries (for who something is done for) and recipient (who receives something).
The comitative is used for the semantic role of accompaniment (who something is done with).
The concrete accusative is used with patients that are somehow affected by the action described in the sentence. These are often concrete, inanimate objects.
The declarative is used for describing that a patient is or becomes something.
The elative is used for the semantic role of source, i.e. where something comes or originates from.
The inanimate nominative is used about inanimate agents that are undergoing a process.
Instrumental stands for the semantic role of instrument.
The locative is used for expressing where something is.
Measure is used for the semantic roles of measure and time. It is used for expressing things like how much something costs, how long something will take, etc.
Nominative is used about the agent, the subject who is performing the verb in the sentence.
The passive is used for expressing that someone is the "victim" of some event.
Possessed is used about a patient that is possessed by someone, or exchanged.
The unvoluntary nominative is used about an agent who does something by accident, or experiences something she has no control of. It doesn't necessarily mean that the event is something unpleasant, in Koġołħuẓ it is by default just neutral.
The zero-syntactic role, which is not really a case, is used for nouns that are not used in full sentences, for examples in lists, titles, etiquettes and so on, or when meta-linguistically referring to a word.
