Gwongbholü

Gwongbholü Gwongbholü
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:	Gwongbholü
Basic word order:	SOV
Morphological type:
Morphosyntactic alignment:	fluid
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold

Phonology and phonotactics

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasals		m						n						ŋ
Plosives	p pʰ	b bʱ					t tʰ	d dʱ					k kʰ	g gʱ	ʔ
Fricatives							s	z	ʃ	ʒ					h
Affricates							ts tsʰ	dz dzʱ	tʃ tʃʰ	dʒ dʒʱ
Approximants												j		ɰ
Trill								r
Lateral Approximant								l

Vowels
	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
High	i	y								u
Near-high
High-mid	e									o
Mid
Low-mid
Near-low
Low										ɑ

Stress

Stress in word roots fall on the heaviest syllable (each root can have a maximum of two syllables). /ʔ/ and /h/ add 1 weight unit (WE), all other consonants and vowels add 2 WE. If both syllables get the same sum, the one with more affricates is considered the heavier. If still both have equal status, the one with more aspiration is considered heavier. If yet both have the same value, the first syllable will get the stress.

Syllable structure

The syllable structure is (C)(C)CV(C)(C) (note however that the first obligatory consonant may be [ʔ]).

Onsets

The below table shows the allowed two-consonant clusters. The rows stand for the first consonant, and the columns for the second. To be able to tell whether a three-consonant cluster is allowed, for example /kmb/, first check if the first two consonants can cluster → /km/ is an allowed cluster in this chart. Then check if the last two consonants can cluster → /mb/ is an allowed cluster. Therefore /kmb/ is also allowed. The first consonant can't be the same as the last however.

Allowed onset clusters (two consonants)
	p	pʰ	b	bʱ	t	tʰ	d	dʱ	k	kʰ	ɡ	ɡʱ	ʔ	m	n	ŋ	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h	ts	tsʰ	dz	dzʱ	tʃ	tʃʰ	dʒ	dʒʱ	j	ɰ	r	l
p																																		p
pʰ																																		pʰ
b																																		b
bʱ																																		bʱ
t																																		t
tʰ																																		tʰ
d																																		d
dʱ																																		dʱ
k																																		k
kʰ																																		kʰ
ɡ																																		ɡ
ɡʱ																																		ɡʱ
ʔ																																		ʔ
m																																		m
n																																		n
ŋ																																		ŋ
s																																		s
z																																		z
ʃ																																		ʃ
ʒ																																		ʒ
h																																		h
ts																																		ts
tsʰ																																		tsʰ
dz																																		dz
dzʱ																																		dzʱ
tʃ																																		tʃ
tʃʰ																																		tʃʰ
dʒ																																		dʒ
dʒʱ																																		dʒʱ
j																																		j
ɰ																																		ɰ
r																																		r
l																																		l
	p	pʰ	b	bʱ	t	tʰ	d	dʱ	k	kʰ	ɡ	ɡʱ	ʔ	m	n	ŋ	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h	ts	tsʰ	dz	dzʱ	tʃ	tʃʰ	dʒ	dʒʱ	j	ɰ	r	l

Codas

The coda can have any of the following phonemes: /p, pʰ, b, bʱ, t, tʱ, d, dʱ, k, kʰ, ɡ, ɡʱ, ʔ, m, n, ŋ, r, s, ts, tsʰ, dz, dzʱ, tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ, j or l/, or one the clusters below.

Allowed coda clusters
	p	pʰ	b	bʱ	t	tʰ	d	dʱ	k	kʰ	ɡ	ɡʱ	ʔ	m	n	ŋ	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h	ts	tsʰ	dz	dzʱ	tʃ	tʃʰ	dʒ	dʒʱ	j	ɰ	r	l
p																																		p
pʰ																																		pʰ
b																																		b
bʱ																																		bʱ
t																																		t
tʰ																																		tʰ
d																																		d
dʱ																																		dʱ
k																																		k
kʰ																																		kʰ
ɡ																																		ɡ
ɡʱ																																		ɡʱ
ʔ																																		ʔ
m																																		m
n																																		n
ŋ																																		ŋ
s																																		s
z																																		z
ʃ																																		ʃ
ʒ																																		ʒ
h																																		h
ts																																		ts
tsʰ																																		tsʰ
dz																																		dz
dzʱ																																		dzʱ
tʃ																																		tʃ
tʃʰ																																		tʃʰ
dʒ																																		dʒ
dʒʱ																																		dʒʱ
j																																		j
ɰ																																		ɰ
r																																		r
l																																		l
	p	pʰ	b	bʱ	t	tʰ	d	dʱ	k	kʰ	ɡ	ɡʱ	ʔ	m	n	ŋ	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h	ts	tsʰ	dz	dzʱ	tʃ	tʃʰ	dʒ	dʒʱ	j	ɰ	r	l

Grammars

Word order is SOV. All verbs have a single suffix containing grammatical content. The suffix has the following structure: 123V45.

Phoneme slot	Grammatical element	Values
1	Aspect	/l/ = continuous Ø = no aspect
2	Tense	/k/ = past Ø = present /kʰ/ = gnomic past /h/ = gnomic present
3	Subject age	/ɰ/ = old /j/ = young Ø = no subject (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
V	Gender	/i/ = masculine subject, masculine direct object /e/ = masculine subject, feminine direct object /ɑ/ = masculine subject or direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voide) /u/ = feminine subject, masculine direct object /y/ = feminine subject, feminine direct object /o/ = feminine subject or direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
4	Direct object age	/r/ = young /l/ = old Ø = no direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
5	Voice	/p/ = reciprocal /t/ = reflexive Ø = no voice