Tsonboran

Attested in western Persia from around -5ka to -4.3ka as a language of one of the first major civilizations. Falls into disuse later, but not before contributing significant amounts of technical vocabulary to (…). Briefly re-emerges around -3ka before its apparent extinction some 500 years later.

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals	m	n
Voiceless plosivs	p	t	ts	k	q	ʔ
Voiced plosivs	b	d	(dz)
Voiceless fricativs	f	θ	s	x	χ	h
Voiced fricativs	v	ð	z
Approximants	w	l	r	j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Hi	i, y		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Lo	a~ɑ

Development from Proto-Persian'

to Proto-West Persian'

• high vowels
  • ɪ ʊ ɪː ʊː → i u əj əw
  • ɪw ɪj ʊj → iw iː uj
• loss of difthongs in _w
  • k → kʷ / w_C
  • iw → yː
  • ew → e₂ː
  • æw → æː
  • ow → uː
  • əw → oː
• stop phonation changes
  • intervocalic lenition
    • b d → β ð
  • intervocalic voicing
    • p t k q → b d g ɢ
  • loss of aspiration
    • ʰp ʰt ʰk ʰq → p t k q intervocally, → ɸ θ x χ before another stop
    • pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ → ɸ θ x χ
  • remaining stop clusters devoiced
• palatalization
  • k ɡ x → ʧ ʤ ʃ before front vowels & /j/
• lo vowels
  • æ ɐ æː ɒː → a ə aː oː

to Proto-Tsonboid

• aː→ oː
• unstressed long vowels shortened in closed or final syllables
• uvular coloring
  • i u ə(j) → e₂ o a(j) / _Q
• prenasalization
  • NP → N^NP (mt → mⁿt, nk → n^ŋk etc.) (do this later/in a different branch?)
    • (original) mp nt coalesce to single consonants ^mp, ⁿt
  • Nɸ Nθ Nɬ Nl Ns Nʃ → Nkʷ Ntr (?) Ntɬ Ndl Nts Nʧ
  • Nx Nχ → Nh Nh
  • Nj Nw → Nʤ Nɡʷ
• related:
  • j w → ʤ ɡʷ also intervocally
  • morphological t + s ɬ l also change to ts tɬ dl, where still productiv
• -h- lost; related vowel changes:
  • (…)
• hs hɬ hh → s ɬ h
• coda p → β before a sonorant

to Old Tsonboran

• kʷ ɡʷ → p b
• voiced dorsal stops lost
  • ɡ → (…) (/r/ a la Battlax 3?)
  • ɢ → ʁ → ð, ∅ (…)
• umlaut
  • i(ː) e₂(ː) → y(ː) ø(ː) / _(C)Cu, (old e(ː) = e₁(ː) not affected)
  • e₂β → ø
  • ø øː → ə (j)oː
• word-final stops lost
• tj dj → ts dz
• tɬ dl ɬ → t d ʃ
• ɸ β → f v

to New Tsonboran

• do something w/ prenasality?
• some vowel breikage?
• ʧ ʤ ʃ → ts z s
• …

Para-Tsonboran

The remaining Tsonboid languages fall into two main branches: Oqomur in the South, near the Eufrat/Tigris delta (now extinct too), and the Northern Tsonboid languages. These are separated into three main groups on the basis of their obstruent correspondences. The palatalization of /t d/ to /ts dz/ affected all of these, as did the loss of lateral obstruents (but slightly differently in each). The loss of labiovelars and shibilants applied only sporadically and is in some cases dateable to the individual languages.

PTs	*p	*t	*ts	*tɬ	*ʧ	*k	*q	*ʔ	*b	*d	*dz	*dl	*ʤ	*f	*θ	*s	*ɬ	*ʃ	*x	*χ	*h	*v	*ð	*z
A	p	t	ts			k	k	ʔ	b	d	z			h	s	s			h	x	h
B	f	ts	θ			x	k	h		dz	ð			f	t	s			k	k	h		d	z
C	p	s	ts		ts	k	q	ʔ		z	dz		dz	f	t	θ			k	q	x		d	ð

• Branch A looses uvulars and most fricative distinctions.
• Branch B sees lenition of original voiceless stops, combined with fortition of spirants. This leads to a cyclic chain-shift concerning the phonemes /θ t ts/, and similarly, /ð d dz/. The first step is the fortition of the interdentals to dental stops. The chain-shift in proper begins when the alveolar affricates lenite to laminal alveolar sibilants. These then take the place of the old interdentals. The chain becomes complete when the alveolar stops become new affricates, and the dental stops shift to the alveolar position.
• Branch C resembles B in fortition of spirants, but retains uvulars and most original stops. The old alveolar sibilants /s z/ become interdental; new /s z/ are derived via apico-alveolar affricates from old /t d/. The old lamino-alveolar affricates /ts dz/ retain their value in all positions.