Knoschke orthography
The new Knoschke transcription
The first column shows Knoschke phonemes in IPA transcription.
The second column shows the transcription based on Hungarian orthography which Nemeth used in his notes and taught to some Knoschke speakers. Variants in parentheses were used by Nemeth at some time or other. This mode of writing Knoschke is the only one with a claim to be called its standard orthography. It can be approximated in Latin-1 by using circumflex instead of double acute and the tilde dash ~ instead of ogonek.
The third column shows the 'scientific' transcription Nemeth used in his 1873 Grammatik der Knoschkesprache Transsylvaniens and in subsequent scholarly articles. He never used it in field notes.
The fourth column shows the transcription used on the Old Knoschke pages. A dash indicates that the phoneme in question was missing in the old version of the language,
| IPA | Orthography (aka New Transcription, Nemeth 1860-1912) | Grammatik (Nemeth 1873) | (Old Transcription) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ɔ | a[1] | ḁ, ḁ̥̈ | ò |
| ɔː | á | ḁ̄, ḁ̈̄ | ô |
| a | ä | a | a |
| aː | a̋ (â) | ā | á |
| b | b | b | b |
| bʲ | by | bʹ | — |
| ts | cz (c) | c | ts |
| tsʰ | czh | ch | — |
| tʃ | cs | č | tš |
| tʃʰ | csh | čh | — |
| χ | ch (hh) | χ | x |
| dz | dz (x) | ʒ | dz |
| dʒ | dzs (xs) | ǯ | dž |
| dʑ | dy | ʒ́ | dzj |
| ɛ | e | ä | è |
| ɛː | é | ǟ | ê |
| e | ë | e | e |
| eː | e̋ (ê) | ē | é |
| f | f | f | f |
| g | g | g | g |
| [ɟ] | (gy) | gʹ | — |
| ʁ | gh | γ | q |
| h | h | h | h |
| ɨ | i | y | y |
| ɨː | í | ȳ | ý |
| i | ï[2](y)i[3] | i | i |
| iː | ı̋ (î)[4], (y)í[5] | ī | í |
| j | j | j | j |
| k | k | k | k |
| [c] | (ky) | kʹ | — |
| kʰ | kh | kh | kh |
| [cʰ] | (khy) | kʹh | — |
| ɫ | l | ł | l |
| l | ly | lʹ | lj |
| m | m | m | m |
| mʲ | my | mʹ | — |
| n | n | n | n |
| ɲ | ny | ń | nj |
| ŋ | ngh | nγ (ṅ) | nq |
| o | o[6] | o, ö | o |
| oː | ó[7] | ō, ȫ | ó |
| p | p | p | p |
| pʰ | ph | ph | ph |
| pʲ | py | pʹ | — |
| pʲʰ | phy | pʹh | — |
| ʃ | s | š | š |
| ʃʰ | sh | šh | — |
| ɕ | sy | ś | sj |
| ɕʰ | shy | śh | — |
| s | sz | s | s |
| sʰ | szh | sh | — |
| t | t | t | t |
| tʰ | th | th | — |
| tɕ | ty | ć | tsj |
| tɕʰ | thy | ćh | — |
| u | u[8] | u, ü | u |
| uː | ú[9] | ū, ǖ | ú |
| v | v | v | v |
| (dz) | (x) | ||
| z | z | z | z |
| ʒ | zs | ž | ž |
| ʑ | zy (zsy) | ź | zj |
| ˜[10] | ˛ | ˛ | ñ (µ) |
^ [1] After palatal(ized) consonants the back vowels have front rounded allophones [y ø œ],
and Nemeth to begin with wrote cü, cö etc. instead of tyu, työ etc., and failed to distinguish [œ] from [ø], something he continued to have trouble with all along. In the Grammatik he wrote these allophones as ü, ö and ḁ̈, (ćü, pʹü) but noted that they were conditioned variants, so that Knoschke speakers were prone to mispronounce both Hungarian tü and Hungarian tyu as ćü.
^ [2] At the beginning of words.
^ [3] Not at the beginning of words. The combination /ji/ is written ji as */jɨ/ doesn't occur.
^ [4] All Knoschke vowels can occur nasalized, but nasalization is phonemic only word-finally as in gį́ /gĩː/ 'wine'. Word internally nasalization of vowels occurs only before fricatives and is there an archiphoneme for /n/ and /ŋ/.
