Anggloo-Saksyn
Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. Englisc) iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic. It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.
| Anggloo-Saksyn Englisc | |
| Spoken in: | Anggloo-Land (Inggland) (Angelcynn) |
| Conworld: | Riil world |
| Total speakers: | unknown |
| Genealogical classification: | Indoo-Joroopijyn
|
| Basic word order: | Ynimpoortant/V2 |
| Morphological type: | inflekting |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | naminytiv-akjuusytiv |
| Writing system: | |
| Created by: | |
| ynoon | 400-1066 C.E. |
Dhy Piipyl and Literytcyr
Dhy Saksyns wer invaitid tuu Briten tuu help fait of dhy Pikts. Y lardx maigreecyn yv Saksyns dhen muuvd frym maadern Nordhern Dxermanii and Haalind tuu Inggland. Dhy nekst fjuu sentcyriiz dhee ekspandid westwyrd kaanstyntlii and geend moor land. Dhy piipyl dhen biikeem mikst with dhy Roomanoo-Britic piipyl olredii living dheer.
In dhy 9th and 10th sentcyriis, Deenic Vaikings inveedid parts yv Inggland. Dhy Oold Noors influunets kan stil bii siin tuudee.
hy most wel noon tekst in Anggloo-Saksyn iz dhat vy dhy Hirooik Epik, Beowulf. Oold Ingglic lityratcyr is noon foor alityreecyn, and dheer ar menii Angglo-Saksyn ridylz. Y kraanicyl noon az dhy Anggloo-Saksyn Kraanicyl wyz y kraanicyl yv dhy iivents yv dhy Kingdym, and wyz laiklii startid in dhy 10th sentcyrii and wyz cyntinuwalii ypdeetid intuu dhy 12th.
Dheer iz noo standyrd speling in Anggloo-Saksyn, soo menii wyrds had moor dhan wyn speling.
Oorthaagryfii and Fynaalodx
Ruunik
Erii foormz yv Angglooo-Saksyn raiting wyz in Ruunik. It wyz yn ekspancyn yv dhy aaridxinal 24 ruun Fuþark, and had biikym Fuþorc. Biikyz dhy langgwidx had ciftid tuu ingkluud nuu saundz, Dhy aalfybet itself ciftid and ingkluudid severyl nuu letyrz that had nat bin in dhy Eldyr Fuþark. Hawevyr dhee did nat diivelyp dhy wyn Staf sistym similyr tuu dhy ruunik dezainz in Noorwee, Swiidyn and Denmark.
Wen dhy Latin Aalfybet wyz introoduust, Anggloo-Saksyn adid tuu simbylz tuu dhu Latin aalfybet frym Ruunik, dhooz wud bii "þ" /θ/ and "Ƿ" /w/ frym ruunik, kold Thorn and Wynn riispektivlii.
Aalfybet
Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz. Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid cg /ʤ/ and c /ʧ/ and sc /ʃ/. Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /k/ and /sk/ riispektivlii. Dhy letyr g biikymz /j/ next to front vowels. This is how gear becomes year. Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz ge- witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az y- sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik yronne (ran).
Oold Ingglic did nat juuz dhy leterz v and z, biikyz f and s bekeem /v/ and /z/. Dhy letyrz þ and ð booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /θ/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /ð/ (biitwiin vaulz). Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.
Dhy letyr h wyz prynaunst /h/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd. Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /x/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /ç/. Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman ch.
Moorfaaloodxii
Naunz
Dxendyr and Nymbyr
Dheer ar theer Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: Maskjuliin, Feminiin, and Nuutyr. Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in Latin, az wel az madern Rycyn and Dxerman. Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.
Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl. Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.
keesiz
Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun. Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy -'s ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees. Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.
Strong and Wiik
Laik with Verbz, Anggloo-Saksyn had menii naunz witc tceendxid Dheer stemz, booth in dhy plooryl and symtaimz dooring sym yv dhy keesiz yv dhy singgjuulyr. Dhiiz ar dhy riisynz foor iregjulyr naunz in Maadern Inhglic with stem tceendxiz, sytc az Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Naam.). Dhis iz oftyn haw Anggloo-Saksyn naunz ar katygoorizd.
Egzampyl tcarts
Maskjuuliin:
| Keesiz | Dæg¹ 'Dee' | Dagas 'Deez' | Stān 'Stoon' | Stānas 'Stoonz' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naamnytiv | dæg | dagas | stān | stānas |
| Dxenytiv | dæges | daga | stānes | stāna |
| Deetiv | dæge | dagum | stāne | stānum |
| Akjuusytiv | dæg | dagas | stān | stānas |
¹Dæg wyz proonauntst mutc laik dhy wyrd Dai in Maadern Ingglic, oor dhy Ostreeljyn/Kaaknii proonyntsieecyn yv "Dee."
Feminiin:
| Keesiz | Hond² 'Hand' | Honda 'Handz' | Ƿynn³ 'Joi' | Ƿynna 'Joiz' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naamnytiv | hond | hondu | Ƿynn | Ƿynna |
| Dxenytiv | honda | honda | Ƿynne | Ƿynna |
| Deetiv | honda | hondum | Ƿynne | Ƿynnum |
| Akjuusytiv | hond | honda | Ƿynne | Ƿynna |
²Hond kud olsoo bii spelt/proonauntst Hand.
³Ƿ kud olsoo bii spelt W, soo Ƿynn kud iisilii bii Wynn.
Nuutyr:
| Keesiz | Scip⁴ 'Cip' | Scipu 'Cips' | Dēor⁵ 'Animyl' | Dēor 'Animylz' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naamnytiv | scip | scipu | dēor | dēor |
| Dxenytiv | scipes | scipa | dēores | dēora |
| Deetiv | scipe | scipum | dēor | dēorum |
| Akjuusytiv | scip | scipu | dēore | dēor |
⁴Scip iz proonauntst dhy seem wee az dhy maadern ekwivylent, Cip.
⁵Dēor, riileetid tuu dhy Dxerman wyrd Tier (animyl), sloolii biikeem juuzd foor geem animylz, and leetyr biikymz Diir in Modern English.
Articles
During the earlier ages of the Anglo-Saxon language, there were no articles. Later, especially after the Viking invasion and towards the end of the Anglo-Saxon era, articles were developed. They too declined by case and number, and included the Instrumental case, which was the same as Dative Nouns. Here are the articles:
| Cases | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all Genders) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | se | sēo | ðæt | ðā |
| Genitive | ðæs | ðǣre | ðæs | ðāra, ðǣra |
| Dative | ðǣm | ðǣre | ðǣm | ðǣm, ðām |
| Accustive | ðone | ðā | ðæt | ðā |
| Instrumental | ðē, ðon | ðǣre | ðē, ðon | ðǣm, ðām |
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Anglo-Saxon are quite different than Modern English. They too are declined according to the four major cases, but also have an extra number illustration when there 2, Dual. With the dual, the verbs take the plural endings, and it only applies to the first and second person pronouns. Here are the the Charts for the Pronouns:
First person:
| Cases | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ic, ih | Ƿit, wit | Ƿē, wē | |
| Genitive | mīn | uncer | ūre | |
| Dative | mē | unc | ūs | |
| Accustive | mē | unc | ūs |
Second person:
| Cases | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þū | git | gē | |
| Genitive | þīn | incer | ēoǷer, ēower | |
| Dative | þē | inc | ēoǷ, ēow | |
| Accustive | þē | inc | ēoǷ, ēow |
Third person:
| Cases | Mascu. Sing. | Fem. Sing. | Neut. Sing. | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | hē | hēo | hit | hīe |
| Genitive | his | hiere | his | hiera |
| Dative | him | hiere | him | him, heom |
| Accustive | hine | hīe | hit | hīe |
Adjectives
Adjectives also decline by gender, number, and case. Because one adjective has to cover all three genders, two numbers, and four (five with the Strong) cases, there are more adjective forms than there are any other part of speech, with the possible exception of the verb. They too have Strong and Weak forms and can have root vowel stems which are umlauted. The plurals of the Weak forms are uniform across genders, but not in the Strong forms. The same adjective could be Weak or Strong depending on context and the noun.
Examples
Gōd = Good
Weak:
| Cases | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all Genders) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gōda | gōde | gōde | gōdan |
| Genitive | gōdan | gōdan | gōdan | gōdena |
| Dative | gōdan | gōdan | gōdan | gōdum |
| Accustive | gōdan | gōdan | gōde | gōdan |
Strong:
| Cases | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gōd | gōd | gōd | gōde | gōda | gōd |
| Genitive | gōdes | gōdre | gōdes | gōdra | gōdra | gōdra |
| Dative | gōdum | gōdre | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum |
| Accustive | gōdne | gōde | gōd | gōde | gōda | gōd |
| Instrumental | gōde | gōdre | gōde | gōdum | gōdum | gōdum |
Prepositions and Conjunctions
Here is a list of Prepositions and Conjuctions.
Prepositions
æt - (dat.) at, from, (acc.) until, to
tō - (dat.) to, towards, at,
wið, wiþ - against,
æfter - (dat.) after,
on - (dat.) in, on, (acc.) into, onto
mid - (dat.) with,
of - (dat.) of, from,
be - (dat. and acc.) by, near, along, about,
beforan - (dat. and acc.) before, ahead of
fram - (dat.) from, by,
ofer - (dat.) over, upon (acc.) over to, across,
þurh - (acc.) through
under - (dat.) under (acc.) under,
ymbe - (acc.) near, by, about,
in - (dat.) in, (acc.) into,
būtan - (dat. or acc.) outside, except, without,
betweox - (dat. or acc.) between, among,
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) to within,
oð - (acc.) up to, until,
geond - (acc.) through, throughout,
bufan (dat.) above, (acc.) upwards,
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) into,
Conjunctions
æfter - after,
ǣr - before
gif - if,
hwæðer, hwæþer - whether
þā, ðā - when,
hwīle - while,
swā - as, such, (this word has a phonetic/semantic cognate in Old Norse, sva.)
swelce - as if,
þæt, ðæt - that, so that,
þǣr, ðǣr - where,
þēah, ðēah - though,
siððan, siþþan - since, after, (this one is also in Old Norse and Middle English such as the first line in Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght.)
Verbs
Verbal Comparison, Patterns, and General Overview
Like nouns and adjectives, Verbs have Strong and Weak forms. The Strong forms usually involve vowel shifts in the stem, even in the present tense. It is also inflected based on person, number, tense, and mood.
It is known for having -st in the second person, which was used for thou in the Middle English era. It is also used in German for the du form, which is the cognate to þū and thou (which also a cognate to Latin tu). Anglo-Saxon Verbs are known for the signature -ð/-þ ending in the 3rd person singular, which was also used into the Early Modern English era, which Shakespeare is apart of, examples from that era include the words: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.
The infinitive ending is commonly -an, which is similar to the modern German -en infinitive ending. Also the orthographic cognate ge- is used in both German and Anglo-Saxon to represent the past tense, even if they are not pronounced the same way, and in Standard High German, the prefix is required, whereas the Anglo-Saxon one is more optional. The Weak past tense marker insert -ed-, whereas the Strong past tense usually involves a vowel change.
Although Anglo-Saxon did have the Subjunctive and Imperative, the examples shall be focused on the Present and Past tenses.
Wiik Egzampylz
| Present tents | ||||
| Infinytiv | Lufian tuu lyv | Fremman tuu duu | ||
| sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
| 1st persyn | lufie | lufiað | fremme | femmað |
| 2nd persyn | lufast | lufiað | fremest | femmað |
| 3rd persyn | lufað | lufiað | fremeð | femmað |
| Past tents | ||||
| sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
| 1st persyn | lufode | lufodon | fremede | femmedon |
| 2nd persyn | lufodest | lufodon | fremedest | femmedon |
| 3rd persyn | lufode | lufodon | fremede | femmedon |
Strong Examples
| Present tents | ||||
| 'Infinytiv | Singan tuu sing | 'Niman tuu teek | ||
| sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
| 1st persyn | singe | singað | nime | nimað |
| 2nd persyn | singest | singað | nimest | nimað |
| 3rd persyn | singeð | singað | nimeð | nimað |
| Past Tents | ||||
| sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | |
| 1st persyn | sang | sungon | nam | nāmon |
| 2nd persyn | sunge | sungon | nāme | nāmon |
| 3rd persyn | sang | sungon | nam | nāmon |
Dhy Verb Bēon and Wesan
Dheer ar tuu foormz yv dhy verb tuu bii in Anggloo-Saksyn. Dhed booth ceer dhy seem past tents, ruutid in wesan. Dhy verb foorm wesan wyz priizervd in dhy past tents, in dhy foorm yv was and were.
Dhiiz verb foormz wer olsoo priiservd intuu dhy Midyl Ingglic ery, in yn Epik kold Brut:
"Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært."
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.
| Present tents | |||||
| Infinitive | Bēon tuu bii | Wesan tuu bii | |||
| sing. | pl. | sing. | pl. | ||
| 1st persyn | bēo | bēoð | eom | sind, sindon | |
| 2nd persyn | bist | bēoð | eart | sind, sindon | |
| 3rd persyn | bið | bēoð | is | sind, sindon | |
| Past tents | |||||
| sing. | pl. | ||||
| 1st persyn | wæs | wǣron | |||
| 2nd persyn | wǣre | wǣron | |||
| 3rd persyn | wæs | wǣron | |||
Sources and External Links
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html
http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html
http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm
http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html
Finegan, Edward. "English." The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990
Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.
Page written by Timothy Patrick Snyder.
