Uínlītska

This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.

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Phonology

See the Fínlǣsk Phonology article for details.

Orthography

Latin Script

a

sc

e

f

h

i

j

k

kj

l

hl

m

n

n

o

p

s

sj

sk

t

tj

u

z

ø

ɑ

sk

e

f

x

i

j

k

tʃ

l

ɬ

m

n

ŋ

o

p

s

ʃ

ʃk

t

tʃ

w

z

ə

Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the linea nasalis) for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of e and o. The blønna, the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.

The orthography is uncial, that is there are no capital letters.

Runes

ᚠ

ᚢ

ᚦ

ᚨ

ᚲ

ᚹ

ᚺ

ᚾ

ᛁ

ᛃ

ᛇ

ᛈ

ᛊ

ᛋ

ᛏ

ᛖ

ᛗ

ᛚ

ᛝ

ᛟ

ᛨ

f

o

ɬ

ɑ

k

w

x

n

i

e

j

p

z

s

t

ɛ

m

l

ŋ

ɔ

ə

Morphology

Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.

Nouns

Summary

A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: sōrƿinmeð (with the son), hámsū (about a house).

Gender

Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.

Case

Nouns have six cases, and are classified into a number of declensions, called stems. There are three main stems, a, i, and u (associated with most nouns with open, front, and back vowels respectively) and a number of other, less-frequent stems (off-glide variants of the main stems, ja, ji, ju, ƿa, ƿi, ƿu, behave just like the plain versions). They are shown in the tables below with a summary of their uses and inflections.

The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.

See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.

Declensions

		I			II			III
		Sg	Du	Pl	Sg	Du	Pl	Sg	Du	Pl
Nominative	Initiator	-l	-li	-η	-∅	-i	-ω-∅	-ω-l	-ω-li	-l
Accusative	Undergoer	-∅	-i	-∅	-∅	-i	-∅	-o	-oj	-η
Genitive	From	-s		-ų	-η↓-ar			-η↓-ar	-ω↘-a	-η↓-a
Dative	To	-i		-ω↗-ū	-u			-u	-ώ-u	-ū
Locative	At	-η←		-jη↖
Oblique	Everything else	-ar		-r				-ur	-η↓r	-ω̽r

Article

Definiteness is marked as follows:

Definite To		Marking
Speaker	Listener	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
No	No	Not marked
Yes	No	-il	-jil	-ihl
Yes	Yes	-ī	-jī	-is

Attributive Article

The particles hī, sjī, his precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to "ordinary" articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance pję́n hī ǫzih is Bjarn The Weathly, and pję́n ǫzihī is the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one).

Postpositions

Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.

Note: needs moar disambig.

Postposition	Nom	Acc	Gen	Dat	Loc	Obl
á			by means of	upon	on	in the manner of
af			from	out of		because of
at				to	near	towards
í			among	into, onto	in, within	during
eftí		along	in order to obtain	according to	behind	later than
flá			from			concerning
hfᵫ́ri			because of	against	in front of	earlier than
með			by means of	as well as	in combination with
of	above	over	concerning	because of	around, about	for
ǫ́			of	out of, from		made from
sjá	beside, at the side of; compared with; close by
til	in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time
útā	outside (of); beyond; without
ū			about, concerning	across	throughout
ᵫðð	reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of
ᵫfí	above, over, at; across, upon

Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.

Pronouns

Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.

Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns

1st

2nd

3rd

Incl

Excl

Proximal

Distal

Sg

Du

Pl

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Nominative

ek

fist

fé

hlo

hlist

hlé

an

ant

hléj

hlast

hlęst

zǫ

Accusative

mih

øski

øs

hlisk

iski

ihli

hán

hánt

zá

zat

zet

zǫ

Genitive

mín

oská

fǫ́

hlín

iska

isa

ęns

ęnts

hléjø

hles

hlents

hléjø

Dative

Locative

Oblique

ehs

fits

fés

hløs

hlits

hléls

ans

ants

hléjs

hlats

hlęts

zǫs

The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).

Verbs

The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.

Conjugation Table

Mostly-pure ON table. Thematic Vowels have been normalized. No other changes.

General Pattern

Weak

Strong

1st

2nd

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

To be

INDIC.

Pres.

Sing.

1.

-a

-i

-∅

-∅

-η̾-∅

-η↖-∅

-∅

-η̆←-∅

em

2.

-al

-il

-r

-s

-η̾-r

-η↖-r

-r

-η←-r

és

3.

-al

-il

é

Plur.

1.

-ø̄

-jø̄

-um

-um

-um

-ω↖↑-um

-um

-ή-ū

éhø̄

2.

-iz

-iz

-ið

éhøz

3.

-a

-ja

-a

euo

Pret.

Sing.

1.

-az

-ta

-η↘↘-∅

-η↓j-∅

-υ̽-∅

-ή↗-∅

-η↘-∅

-η↖-∅

uá

2.

-azi

-til

-η↘↘-t

-η↓j-t

-υ̽-t

-ή↗-t

-η↘-t

-η↖-t

uás

3.

-azi

-ti

-η↘↘-∅

-η↓j-∅

-υ̽-∅

-ή↗-∅

-η↘-∅

-η↖-∅

uá

Plur.

1.

-izø̄

-tī

-η↗↗-um

-um

-η̾→-um

-ω↑↑-um

-ή↘↘-ū

-η↖↑-um

uálī

2.

-iziz

-tiz

-η↗↗-uð

-uð

-η̾→-uð

-ω↑↑-uð

-ή↘↘-uð

-η↖↑-uð

uáliz

3.

-∅

-ti

-η↗↗-u

-u

-η̾→-u

-ω↑↑-u

-ή↘↘-u

-η↖↑-u

uáli

IMPERAT.

-a

-∅

-∅

-∅

-∅

-∅

-∅

-∅

ué

SUBJ.

Pres.

Sing.

1.

-a

-a

-a

sjá

2.

-il

-il

-ir

sél

3.

-i

-i

-i

sé

Plur.

1.

-ī

-ī

-im

sém

2.

-iz

-iz

-ið

séz

3.

-i

-i

-i

sé

Pret.

Sing.

1.

2.

3.

Plur.

1.

2.

3.

Examples

None yet

Person

1st, 2nd, 3rd Common, 3rd Neuter

Voice

Active Voice

Simple bare verb.

Passive Voice

The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.

Nonpast Tense

Aorist/Present Construction

Simple bare verb.

Future Construction

Auxilliary verbs or adverbs of intention or likelyhood are used.

Past Tense

Ablaut.

Moods

Indicative, Interrogative (for yes/no questions on the truth value of the predicate), Subjunctive (includes Conditional and Irrealis), Imperative (includes Hortative and Jussive).

Aspects

Imperfect, Perfect.

Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers

Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.

Other Languages

Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North & Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE.

Finla was the first major consolidation of power, followed by "Nova Scotia" (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their Hibernic language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.