Syllable Structure

In roots, the structure (as a regular expression) is ˈC^?V(C^?CV)^*C^?.

In suffixes, the struvcture is CVC^?.

Thus, valid roots include é, ki, and ðœfti, and valid suffixes include -gū, and -tar.

Stress

The first syllable of any root takes primary stress. Secondary stress in words of three or more syllables falls immediately before the last consonant.

Thus, stress falls on the bolded vowels in a, ka, kapta, kaptara, kaptaran.

Consonants

p b	t d			k ɡ	ʔ
f v	s z	ʃ ʒ	θ ð	x ɣ	h
		tʃ dʒ
	ɬ l
m	n			[ŋ]
w		j

The phonemes /x/ and /ɣ/ have allophones [ç] and [ɟ] when immediately adjacent to an apical phoneme. The phoneme /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] when immediately preceeding to a dorsal phoneme.

Summary of consonant changes from ON

hr > ɾ̥ > ɹ̥ > ʃ
kr > kɾ̥ > kʀ̥ > kx > x
ɡr > ɡɾ > ɡʀ > ɡɣ > ɣ
r > ː / V _ (also listed under vowels)
rr > ːr / V _ (by implication)
r > j / (t,d,n,s,z) _
r > n / _ (t,d,s,z)
r > d / # _
r > l
sl > ɬ
(x,ɣ) > (k,ɡ) / s _

Vowels

In strong syllables

i iː
e eː	ə əː	o oː
ɛ	ə əː	ɔ
		ɑ ɑː

In weak syllables

i ĩ
	ə ə̃
		ɑ ɑ̃

Summary of vowel changes from ON

o > ə
y > i
yː > iw
œ > e
œː > ew
œy > oj
ɛ > e
ɛː > ɛ
ɛi > ej
æ > e
æː > ɑj
u > o
uː > iw
ɒː > ɑw
ɒ > ɔ
ɒu > əw
υr > υː (also listed under consonants)

Further vowel changes in weak syllables

e > i
o,ɛ > ə
ɔ > ɑ
υː > υ
υ(j,w,l,∅)(n,m) > υ̃(j,w,l,∅)

Sound adaptation in borrowed words

Every foreign phoneme (if possible) maps to the identical phoneme in Fínlǣsk.

The following general rules tend to apply to phonemes from various languages without exact duplicates in Fínlǣsk:

Foreign	q	ɢ	ɴ	ɟ	ɰ	kʷ	ʌ
Fínlǣsk	k	ɡ	ŋɡ*	j	w	kw	ɑ

*Inuktitut /ɴ/ becomes /ɡ/ word-initially.

Sandhi / Liaison

Metaphonemic Symbols

For Vowels

Symbol	∅	← ↑ → ↓ ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙	η	υ	ω	◌̽	◌̾	◌́	◌̆
Meaning	Nothing	Umlaut	Vowel	(Unrounded)	(Rounded)	Broken	Merged	Long	Short

For Consonants

Symbol	∅	τ	κ	γ	θ	σ	ζ	ρ
Meaning	Nothing	Stop	(Voiceless)	(Voiced)	Fricative	(Voiceless)	(Voiced)	Liquid

Vowels

Umlauting

η

←

↑

→

↓

↖

↗

↘

↙

υ

ω

◌̽

◌̾

a

æ

ų

á

ę

ǫ

á

a

ǫ

aƿ

a

e

ej

i

o

ę

i

ᵫ

œ̨

ę

e

œ

ję

e

ę

ęj

e

ǫ

æ

e

œ

a

æ

ę

œ̨

jæ

ę

i

í

u

e

í

ᵫ

œ

e

i

ᵫ

je

i

o

œ

u

ó

ǫ

ᵫ

u

ǫ́

œ̨

e

o

ǫƿ

o

ǫ

œ̨

u

o

a

œ

o

á

æ

ę

ǫ

æƿ

ǫ

u

ᵫ

ju

ú

o

ᵫ

ú

ó

œ

i

u

ƿe

u

ų

e

i

u

a

i

ᵫ

ę

ǫ

ų

u

jæ

ų

æ

ǽ

ę

a

ǽ

ę

œ̨

a

ǽ

æ

œ̨

æƿ

æ

jo

jœ

ju

jó

jǫ

ᵫ́

ju

jǫ́

jœ̨

je

jo

aƿ

ᵫ

Liaison

Default

i

ᵫ

u

e

œ

ų

o

ę

œ̨

ǫ

æ

a

í

ᵫ́

ú

é

œ́

ų́

ó

ę́

œ̨́

ǫ́

ǽ

á

i

η > jη

í

ᵫ́

íj

ᵫ

υ > ƿυ

ω > jω

ᵫ́

ǫj

ƿę́

Consonants

Long Clusters

CCC sequences are phonotactically disallowed, though note that this means phonemic sequences (things like tj /tʃ/ are considered single consonants under these rules). The following is a simple summary of the rules, in the order they are applied, along with contrived examples.

If an orthographic j occurs anywhere in the CCC sequence, it is moved to the end: mantj /mɑntʃ/ + kun /kun/ > mantkjun /mɑnttʃun/
Phonemic "double" or "long" consonants lose their first orthographic component: mantkjun /mɑnttʃun/ > mankjun /mɑntʃun/.

Sandhi

Some general rules apply to the sandhi process that occurs when compound words are formed:

Description	Pattern		Example
Description	From	To	From	To
Stop+Stop with same voicing are unaffected	κ₁κ₂	κ₁κ₂	-k+t-	-kt-
Stop+Stop with same voicing are unaffected	γ₁γ₂	γ₁γ₂	-b+d-	-bd-
Stop+Stop with different voicing take regr voice assim	γ₁κ₂	κ₁κ₂	-ɡ+t-	-kt-
Stop+Stop with different voicing take regr voice assim	κ₁γ₂	γ₁γ₂	-p+ɡ-	-bɡ-
Stop+Fric with same voicing become Fric-Stop	κ₁σ₂	σ₁κ₂	-k+s-	-xt-
Stop+Fric with same voicing become Fric-Stop	γ₁ζ₂	ζ₁γ₂	-d+v-	-zb-
Stop+Fric with different voicing take progr voice assim	κζ	κσ	-k+v-	-kf-
Stop+Fric with different voicing take progr voice assim	γσ	γζ	-b+s-	-bz-
Fric+Fric with same voicing become geminated stops	σ₁σ₂	κː₁	-s+s-	-tː-
Fric+Fric with same voicing become geminated stops	ζ₁ζ₂	γː₁	-v+v-	-bː-
Nas+Nas take retr POA assim & progr voice assim	μ̥₁μ₂	μ̥ː₂
Nas+Nas take retr POA assim & progr voice assim	μ₁μ̥₂	μː₂

Blanks below denote "no deviation from the above"

b

d

ð

f

ɡ

ɣ

h

j

k

l

ɬ

m

n

ŋ

p

r

s

ʃ

t

tʃ

θ

v

w

x

z

b

vd

v

vɡ

bɣ

pk

pɬ

m

mn

ŋɡ

pp

bz

bʒ

pt

ndʒ

bð

bɣ

d

ð

dv

ðɡ

dɣ

tk

tɬ

nm

n

ŋɡ

tp

dz

dʒ

tt

dʒ

ð

zb

dɣ

ð

zb

ðv

ðð

θk

θt

nm

n

ŋɡ

θp

θs

tʃ

tt

dʒ

θθ

zb

θk

dd

f

vv

ɡ

bb

All sound changes in CSMF format

# Standard rules to turn ON orthographic into IPA, assigning classes and attributes along the way
use 'read-ON-as-IPA.csmf'

#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)
τ > σ / V _ V
τ > h / _ κ
h > ʃ / _ κ[+velar]
h > s / _ κ[-velar]
δ > ʔ / _ κ[-voice]
δ > ∅ / _ κ[+voice]
δ > τ

#More fricathivization
hr > ʃ
kr > x
ɡr > ɣ
θ > ɬ
ð > z
s > ʃ / # _ T

#Vowels
o > ə
y[+long] > iw
y > i
œy > oj
œ[+long] > ew
œ > e
ɛi > ej
ɛ[-long] > e
ɛ[+long] > ɛ[-long]
æ[+long] > ɛj
æ > ɛ
ɒ[+long] > ɑw
ɒu > əw
ɒ > ɔ
u[+long] > iw
u > o

#Eliminate 'r'
υr > υ[+long]
r > j / κ[+dental] _
r > n / _ κ[+dental]
r > d / # _
r > l

σl > ɬ
σ > τ / σ _

#Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
e[-stress] > i
(o,ɛ)[-stress] > ə
ɔ[-stress] > ɑ
υ[+long][-stress] > υ[-long]
υ[-stress]μ > υ[+nasal]
υ[-stress]ρμ > υ[+nasal]ρ

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters
j > i / ρ _ κ, κ _ ρ
w > o / ρ _ κ, κ _ ρ
υ > ː / $1 _
υː > υ[+long]

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
use 'write-IPA-as-Finla.csmf'

Sound Change rules in sc.py format

# First, read Old Norse to IPA

# Includes some shenannigans to workaround multi-char symbols and funky mappings

* ǫ́ ǫː _

* e ɛ _

onlng = áéíóúýœæ

onsht = aeiouyøɛ

* 0 ː <onlng>_

* <onlng> <onsht> _

nonipa = aǫþvh

ipa = ɑɒθwx

* <nonipa> <ipa> _

blb = pbfvφβmλρ

alv = tdθðsznlr

vlr = kgxɣфвŋля

tv = bdg

tu = ptk

t = tu~tv

sv = vzɣ

su = fsx

spri = fsxvzɣ

ssec = φθфβðв

s = su~sv

cv = tv~sv

cu = tu~su

c = cu~cv~ʔʃ

v = eioɛɑɒə

vt = jjwjʔwɣ

fv = eoɛɒ

uv = iəəɑ

r = λρlrля

w = λρlrляwj

rt = bbddgg

ro = lrlrlr

rv = əəiiɑɑ

n = mnŋ

nt = bdg

nr = wlj

na = ɑɑɑ

fipa = ɑəɛɒw

fnonipa = aøęǫu

fsht = aeioø

flng = áéíóǿ

fnas = ā‽ī‽ø



#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)

* <tu> <su> _<^v>

* <tu> <su> #_

* <tu> <su> <^su>_#

* <tu> s _<tu>

* <tv> ʔ _<tu>

* <tv> 0 _<tv>

* <tv> <tu> _



#More fricathivization

* s ʃ #_<c>

* s ʃ _<vlr>

* θ ɬ _

* ð z _

* x c ʃ_

* ʃ s _c

* ʃ s _<c>



#Vowels

* o ə _

* øy oj _

* øː ew _

* ø e _

* yː iw _

* y i _

* ɛi ej _

* ɛ Ω _ː

* ː 0 Ω_

* ɛ e _

* Ω ɛ _

* ɒː ɑw _

* ɒu əw _

* uː iw _

* u o _



#Eliminate 'r'

* r ː <v>_

* r j <alv>_

* r n _<alv>

* r d #_

* r l _

* l ɬ s_

* l ɬ s_

* s 0 _ɬ



#Vowel reduction in noninitial syllables

* 0 Ω <v><^v>*<v>_

* 0 Ω Ω<^v>*<v>_

* <fv> <uv> _Ω

* ː 0 Ω_

* <n> ƞ Ω_

* <w><n> ƞ#1 Ω_

* Ω 0 _



#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters

* j i j_

* w o w_

* 0<v> #2`v`vt#2 <v>_ 

* 0<v> #2`v`vt#2 <v>ː_ 

* <v> ː %_



#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography

* <alv>ʃ #1j _

* <vlr>ʃ #1j _

* ʃ0 sj _

* <r> <ro> _

* ə ø _

* <fipa> <fnonipa> _

* <fsht> <flng> _ː

* ː 0 _

* <fsht> <fnas> _ƞ

* øƞ ø̄ _

* ƞ 0 _

* 0 h _ɬ

* ɬ l _

* x h _

Uínlītska Phonology

Contents

Syllable Structure

Stress

Consonants

Summary of consonant changes from ON

Vowels

In strong syllables

In weak syllables

Summary of vowel changes from ON

Further vowel changes in weak syllables

Sound adaptation in borrowed words

Sandhi / Liaison

Metaphonemic Symbols

For Vowels

For Consonants

Vowels

Umlauting

Liaison

Consonants

Long Clusters

Sandhi

All sound changes in CSMF format

Sound Change rules in sc.py format

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