Modern Standard Imperial
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Phonology
Phonemic Inventory
Consonants
| POA | Labials | Dentals | Palatals | Velars | Gutturals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortis stops | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /tS/ | k /k/ | q /q/ |
| Lenis stops | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /dZ/ | g /g/ | |
| Fortis fricatives | ph /f/ | th /T/ | ch /C/ | kh /x/ | qh /H\/ |
| Lenis fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | ç /C/ | x /x/ | gh /<\/ |
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||
| Liquids | l /l/ | r /R/ | |||
| Glides | (u) /w/ | (i) /j/ | (u) /w/ |
Vowels
| POA | Front Short | Front Long | Front Rounded | Near-Front Long | Central Short | Central Long | Near-Back Long | Back Short | Back Long |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ī /i:/ | ue /y:/ | u /u/ | ū /u:/ | ||||
| Near-close | īh /I:/ | ūh /U:/ | |||||||
| Close-Mid | e /e/ | ē /e:/ | o /o/ | ō /o:/ | |||||
| Mid | |||||||||
| Open-Mid | ēh /E:/ | oe /2:/ | ōh /O:/ | ||||||
| Near-Open | |||||||||
| Open | āh /a:/ | a /A/ | ā /A:/ |
Phonetic Realization and Allophonic Variation
Consonants
- Most consonants have different allophones for initial, intervocalic, and coda situations:
| Orthography | Initial | Intervocalic | Coda |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | [p_h] | [b] | [p_}] |
| b | [b_<] | [B] | [p_}] |
| ph | [f] | [f] | [f] |
| t | [t_h] | [d] | [t_}] |
| d | [d_<] | [D] | [t_}] |
| c | [tS_h] | [tS] | [k_}] |
| j | [dZ] | [dZ] | [k_}] |
| k | [k_h] | [g] | [k_}] |
| g | [g_<] | [G] | [k_}] |
| q | [q] | [?] | [?] |
| f | [f] | [v] | [v] |
| s | [s] | [z] | [h] |
| m | [m] | [~B] | [~B] |
| n | [n] | [~D] | [~] |
| l | [l] | [l, 5] | [l, 5, U] |
| r | [R] | [4] | [6] |
- Intervocalic geminates de-geminate but undergo no further lenition.
- Note that <ph> is distinguished from <f> in all but initial position.
- All other consonants are the same in all positions.
- The voiced fricative allophones of the lenis stops may or may not have actual frication
- /m/ and /n/ are realized intervocalically like /b/ and /d/, but with nasalization of the preceding vowel
Vowels
- Short vowels are lax before two consonants, or a consonant and a word-boundary. The lax allophones of /i e A o u/ are [I E a O U].
- Long vowels are realized phonetically short word-finally, and before a cluster containing a fortis phoneme; the short vowels are reduced in these environments
- The reduced vowels differ by region, but the Capital Region has /i e a/->[@] and /u o/->[U]
Neutralizations
The three-way distinction between short, long lax, long tense vowels is neutralized before /r/, /l/, and /n/:
| Vowel | _/r/ | _/l/ | _/n/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | [I6] | [I@l], [IU] | I~(:) |
| e | [E6], [E:] | [E@l], [EU] | E~(:) |
| a | [A:] | [Q:l], [O:] | a~(:) |
| o | [O:] | [O:l], [O:] | O~(:) |
| u | [U6] | [U@l], [U:] | U~(:) |
| /y: 2:/ | [3:] | [3:l], [8U] | I~(:) |
