Labels for local cases
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Labels for local cases[1]
Please mark tentative or doubtful labels with a query (e.g. ?translative ) and newly coined labels with an asterisk (e.g. *preterlative !
| Type of location | A. at rest | B. motion to | C. motion from | D. motion past | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | general | at | locative | to | lative | from | separative | past | *preterlative[2] |
| 2. | proximate | near (to) | adessive | near | allative | from near | ablative | near | |
| 3. | interior | in(side) | inessive | in(to) | illative | out of | elative | through | ?translative[3] |
| 4. | exterior | outside | up to | ?terminative | away from | ?egressive | past | prolative | |
| 5. | anterior | in front of | in front of | from in front of | in front of | ||||
| 6. | posterior | behind | behind | from behind | behind | ||||
| 7. | superior | above/over | *supraessive | above | *supralative | from above | *desuperlative | over | |
| 8. | superior-contact | on | superessive | on(to) | sublative | off | over | ||
| 8a. | surface | on | on(to) | off | delative | over/across | |||
| 9. | inferior | below/under | *subteressive, *infraessive | below/under | *subterlative, *infralative | from under | *desubterlative, *deinfralative | under | |
| 10. | inferior-contact | under | subessive | under | from under | under | |||
| 11. | lateral | beside | apudessive | beside | from beside | past | |||
| 12. | lateral-contact | on | pertingent | on(to) | off | over, along | prolative | ||
| 13. | citerior | on this side of | to this side of | from this side of | on this side of | ||||
| 14. | citerior-contact | on this side of | to this side of | from this side of | on this side of | ||||
| 15. | ulterior | beyond | beyond | from beyond | beyond | ||||
| 16. | ulterior-contact | on the other side of/across | across | from across | on the other side of | ||||
| 17. | medial (2) | between | between | from between | between | ||||
| 18. | medial (3+) | among | among | from among | through | prolative | |||
| 19. | circumferential | - | - | - | round | ||||
| 20. | citerior-anterior | opposite | opposite | from opposite | on the other side | ||||
| 21. | interior (long object) | through/along | |||||||
| 22. | exterior (long object) | past/along | prosecutive | ||||||
| 23. | superior | along (above) | |||||||
| 24. | superior-contact (long object) | along (on top of) | |||||||
| 24a. | surface (long object) | along | ?vialis | ||||||
| 25. | inferior (long object) | along (under) | |||||||
| 26. | inferior-contact (long object) | along (under) | |||||||
Notes
^ This is based on a table of possible local semantic functions in the The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire, section 2.1.1.5.
^ A more conservative label for "general motion past" might be perlative
which more specifically labels motion "over/across a surface" (8a.d.). Such homonymies arise because the more general and more specific cases seldom occur simultaneously in a single language, so that linguists and grammarians have found no need to distinguish them.
^ translative
is more familiar as the label for a case indicating "a change into a state", e.g. in Finnish, but it seems correct to use this label also for "motion through something", at least in terms of the general meaning of Latin trans.
