Terzemian
Overview
| Terzemian | |
|---|---|
| Timeline and Universe: | Terzemya, Тэрзэмйа, تاِرزاِمي |
| Writing system: | Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic |
| Genealogy: | Unique PIE, strong adstrates from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic |
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | Mixed |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Lexically Split-S |
| Basic word order: | VSO |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Paul.w.bennett |
Terzemian is an IE-derived conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a satem language (the word for hundred is xündo /xyndo/), with some retention of laryngeals. Other salient features are the use of the ruki rule, Grassman's law, Slavic depalatalization, z/r alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).
Writing System
| Roman Alphabet | Cyrillic | Arabic | IPA |
| A a | А а | ا | a |
| Å å | Ω ω | اً | ɒ |
| B b | Б б | ب | b |
| C c | Ц ц | ts | |
| Č č | Ч ч | tʃ | |
| D d | Д д | د | d |
| E e | Э э | اِ | e |
| F f | Ф ф | f | |
| G g | Г г | ɡ | |
| Ǧ ǧ | Ғ ғ | ɣ | |
| H h | Һ һ | h | |
| I i | И и | i | |
| K k | К к | k | |
| L l | Л л | l | |
| M m | М м | m | |
| N n | Н н | n | |
| Ň ň | Ң ң | ŋ | |
| O o | О о | o | |
| Ö ö | Ө ө | ø | |
| P p | П п | p | |
| R r | Р р | ɾ | |
| S s | С с | s | |
| Š š | Ш ш | ʃ | |
| T t | Т т | t | |
| U u | У у | u | |
| Ü ü | Ү ү | y | |
| V v | В в | v | |
| W w | Ў ў | w | |
| X x | Х х | x | |
| Y y | Й й | j | |
| Z z | З з | z | |
| Ž ž | Ж ж | ʒ |
The table above follows the Latin alphabet order. The correct order of the Cyrillic alphabet for Terzemian is
- А Б В Г Ғ Д Ж З И Й К Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ў Ү Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Э Һ Ω
Sound Changes
- Possibly-useful Special Characters: ḱǵʷʰʕʔeoéóēōḗṓu̯i̯m̥n̥r̥l̥ƀđǥƕːʴʲˠǫõŏoͥoͧoͣъыьᵊ∅→
ḱ > k / s _
ǵ > g / s _
ǵʰ > gʰ / s _
ḱ > x
ǵ > ɣ
ǵʰ > ɣʰ
R̥ > ыR / # _ C , C _ C
R̥ > Rы / C _ #
Kʷы > Kъ
s > ʃ / r,u,k,i _ , _ r,u,k,i
Morphosyntax
Verbs
Agreement
Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.
Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the class of the verb.
The main classes are as follows:
| Class | Required | Optional | Description | Ablaut Pattern(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | A | Intransitive Active verbs | e/i | |
| II | P | Intransitive Stative verbs | e/i |
The ablaut patterns are as follows:
| Pattern | Root Vowel | Present | Past Realis | Past Irrealis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| e/i | e | e | i | ö | e/i | a | a | e | å |
Tense and Evidentiality
- There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.
- In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
- direct realis, indicating first-hand observational (i.e. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by e-, a-, or ö-, depending on harmony, and derived from the PIE perfect (*ʔ-).
- indirect realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut, according to the class of the verb in question.
- irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking
- In the non-past, only the realis (in the same form as the past indirect realis) and the irrealis exist.
Past tense marking has its origin in the PIE ablaut, though the modern system is not as transparent.
