Qanao language/Messy
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The Qanao language (Qanao: classical: qana'öžjinaet [qanaʔo.ʒ̞jɪnaət]) is an in-progress conlang.
Phonology
Consonants
| p | t | ť | k | q | ` |
| p | t | c | k | q | ʔ |
| b | d | ď | g | ||
| mb | nd | ɲɟ | ŋg | ||
| m | n | ň | ŋ | γ | |
| m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | |
| φ | c | č | |||
| pɸ | ʦ | ʧ | |||
| f | s | š | h | ||
| ɸʰ | sʰ | ʃʰ | h | ||
| v | z | ž | |||
| β̞ | z̞ | ʒ̞ | |||
| w | r | ř | y | ||
| w | ɹ | ɹʲ | ʔj | ||
| l | ľ | ||||
| l | ʎ |
Vowels
| i | í | ji | jí | e | u | ú | wu | wú |
| i | i: | ʲjɪ | ʲji: | ə | u | u: | ʷʊ | ʷu: |
| a | á | ja | já | ö | o | ó | wo | wó |
| a | a: | ʲja | ʲja: | o | ɔ | ɔ: | ʷɔ | ʷɔ: |
- Final o is realised as [o].
Eastern sound shifts
- ji [ʲjɪ] → e [ʲe]
- jí [ʲji:] → é [ʲe:]
- e [ə] → j [ɪ] after front vowels, w [ʊ] after back vowels.
- u [u] → u [ɯ]
- ú [u] → ú [ɯ:]
- wu [ʷʊ] → ü [u]
- wú [ʷu:] → û [u:]
- ja [ʲja] → jä [ʲæ] ~ [ʲɛ]
- já [ʲja:] → jä [ʲæ:] ~ [ʲɛ:]
- ó [ɔ:] → ó [o:]
- wó [ʷɔ:] → wó [ʷo:]
- i* [i*] → j´ [j*:]
- ui [ui] → üi [yi]
- ue [uə] → üw [yʊ]
- wui [ʷʊi] → wi [ʷi]
- wue [ʷʊə] → wu [ʷu]
- causes nasalisation of previous vowel (does not operate through interword boundaries)
- b [mb] → b [b]; m [m] if preceded by nasal consonants or nasalised vowels (previous syllable starts with a nasal consonant)
- d [nd] → d [d]; n [n] if preceded by nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
- ď [ɲɟ] → ď [ɟ]; ň [ɲ] if preceded by nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
- g [ŋg] → g [g]; ŋ [ŋ] if preceded by nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
- note: following vowel has high tone
- w [w] → w [ʍ]
- r [ɹ] → r [ɹ̥]
- ř [ɹʲ] → ř [ɹ̥ʲ]
- note: following vowel has low tone
- v [β̞] → v [w]
- z [z̞] → z [ɹ]
- ž [ʒ̞] → ž [ɹʲ]
- note: following vowel has high tone
- q [q] → q [k] before front vowels, w, and finally; ` [ʔ] before back vowels.
- γ [ɴ] → ` [ʔ]; n [n] after alveolar consonants, ň after palatal consonants, ŋ after velar consonants and q.
Grammar
Word formation
Classifiers
Although changing classifiers is generally not productive, it is possible to imagine that it once was, giving rise to such sets of words as zal (water), žjil (blood), zál (lake), zil (clear), zúl (melt).
- xax - (n1) general: qanae` "Qanae"; patuek "tree"; zael "water"
- xjax - (n2) living things: qjanae` "Qjanae"
- xáx - (n3) permanent things: ázael "ocean"; ápatuek "forest"
- xox - (n4) artificial objects: noet "writing"
- xjix - (n5) transcendecent: žjinaet "language"; yiôsúer "universe"; kjimi "world"
- xix - (adj) qualities: niet "to be happy"; iökiem "to be universal"
- xux - (vt) transitive actions: numúet "to cause to die"; muziel "to make clear, to declare"
- xúx - (vi) intransitive actions: múet "to die"; fúzael "to rain"
Prefixes
In contrast, prefixes are much more productive, yielding such things as muzúl (liquify), fúzal (rain), ázal (ocean).
Conjugation
Examples
| n. | vb. | adj. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Infix stem | za.l | múfú.r | iöki.m | |
| 1 | Stem | zal- | múfúr- | iökim- | |
| 2 | Sentence-medial | – | múfúr | iökim | |
| 3 | Sentence-terminal | – | |||
| 4 | Infinitive | n. | – | múfúa.r- | – |
| 5 | Approximative adjective | q. | ázai.l- | múfúi.r- | – |
| 6 | Adverb[1] | q. | ázaul | múfúr | iökium |
| 7a | Compounding (with noun) | ázalö- | múfúrö- | iökimi- | |
| 7b | Compounding (with non-noun) | iokimö- | |||
- ▲:
The adverbial form for nouns and adjectives is actually the adverbial form of the approximative adjective.
Particles
- pr. - predicate, any of:
- p.t. - terminal predicate (not always - there are some auxilliaries that attach to these)
- p.s. - stem predicate
- n - suffix attaches to base specified in superscript instead of in the base column.
- a - vowel specified in subscript appears only to break illegal consonant clusters.
| Type | Base | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7a | 7b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | p.s. | vb-1 | ø | - | - | - | - | - | ö | |
| q-1 | i.d | i | ö | |||||||
| Identitive | p.s. | n-1 | ø | - | - | a.r | - | - | rö | |
| vb-1 | ad | u.d | dö | |||||||
| q-1 | i.d | di | dö | |||||||
| Present | p.t. | ps-1 | a | ar | a | - | ai.r | ar | - | |
| Past | p.t. | ps-1 | i | id | i | - | i.r | id | - | |
| Timeless | p.t. | ps-1 | á | ám | á | - | á.r | ám | - | |
| Future | p.t. | ps-1 | ja | jav | ja | - | jai.r | jav | - | |
| Irrealis | p.s. | ps-1 | já | jáh | já | - | já.r | jáh | - | |
| Counterfactual | p.s. | ps-1 | í | íf | í | - | í.r | íf | - | |
| Approximative | q. | n-5-1 | ø | - | - | - | - | 6ø | 1i | ö |
| vb-5-1 | ||||||||||
| ps-1 | is | - | - | - | - | us | si | sö | ||
| Perfective | p.s. | pr-1 | ic | uc | - | cu.r | ci.r | uc | - | |
| Negative | p.s. | pr-1 | iz | uz | - | zu.r | zi.r | uz | - | |
| Incorporative | p.s. | ps-1 | av | - | - | u.v | i.v | uv | - | |
| Subjunctive | p.s. | pr-1 | aub | aub | - | u.b | - | - | bi | bö |
Usage
- The incorporative particle creates a predicate indicating composition with nouns (i.e. A human has 2 arms; An atom is made of electrons, protons and neutrons); a predicate indicating habit or fundamental property with verbs (i.e. He walks to school daily; All living things die eventually); and a predicate indicating fundamental property with adjectives (i.e. Water is wet, The sky is blue).
- The subjunctive particle creates a temporal clause when attached to the future tense particle; a conditional clause when attached to the irrealis particle or the counterfactual particle; and denotes a reason when attached to the past tense particle or the present tense particle or the stem of any verb, noun or adjective.
Miscellaneous
C: kómulnumútbö'ómúniťja
- kó (hon. / 2nd person) +
- mul (3rd person + acc.) +
- nu "to cause" (tr. prefix) +
- mút "to die" (intr. stem) +
- bô (cond. cont.) +
- 'ö (hum. / 1st person) +
- mú "to become" (intr. prefix) +
- niťja "to be happy" (adj. ind. future)
~ "I will become happy if you cause him to die." ~ "I will be happy if you kill him." ~ "Please kill him."
"Universal declaration of human rights" ~ C: ňja'imanöpjinirö'iökimimuziel
- ňja'i "person" (liv. + qual. mod.) +
- manö "living thing" (n. gen. cont.) +
- pji "things that are always" (transc. prefix) +
- nirö "to be permitted" (qual. gen. cont.) +
- 'iö "all" (adj. cont'v. prefix) +
- kimi "global" (adj. mod.) +
- mu "to cause to become" (tr. prefix) +
- ziel "to be clear" (adj. inf. voc.)
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
C: ir ňja'imaen múguirľjaq pjinirľjaq liruiq iösimuiq múfúrá.
- ir "all" (adj. mod. word)
- ňja'imaen "human being" (voc., topic)
- ňja'i "person-like" (liv. qual. mod.)
- maen "thing" (n. voc., topic)
- múfúrá "to be born" (intr. vb. + ind. aorist)
- mú "to cause" (intr. prefix)
- fúrá "to exist/live" (intr. ind. aorist)
- liruiq "free" (adv. mod. word + concat.)
- iösimuiq "equal" (adv. mod. word + concat.)
- iö "all" (adj. cont'v. prefix)
- simui "to be similar" (adj. adv. mod. cont.)
- q (concat.)
- múguirľjaq "respect" (intr.-erg. + concat.)
- mú "to cause" (intr. prefix)
- guirľja "to raise" (tr. qual. intr.-erg. cont.)
- q (concat.)
- pjinirľjaq "right" (intr.-erg. + concat.)
- pji "things that are always" (transc. prefix)
- nirľja "to be permitted" (qual. intr.-erg. cont.)
- q (concat.)
C: dirikö'úmliq liöqjatliq qóqútötúdár
- dirikö'úimliq "ability to think logically" (tr.-acc. + concat.)
- di "to be able" (adj. prefix)
- rikö "to be logical" (qual. cont.)
- úimľji "to think" (intr. qual. tr.-acc. cont.)
- q (concat.)
- liöqjatliq "conscience" (tr.-acc. + concat.)
- liö "good" (adj. cont'v. prefix)
- qjatľji "heart" (liv. tr.-acc. cont.)
- q (concat.)
- qóqutötúdár "received (from Designer)" (intr. vb. + ind. aorist cont.)
- qó (respective prefix)
- qutö "to lower" (tr. cont.)
- túdár "to receive" (intr. vb. + ind. aorist cont.)
~ much more to do
