Indo-Malay
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Phonology
| Manner ↓ / Place → | Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless Stops | p (ᨄ) | t (ᨈ) | k (ᨀ) | ʔ (ᨕ) |
| Voiced Stops | b (ᨅ) | d (ᨉ) | g (ᨁ) | — |
| Nasals | m (ᨆ) | n (ᨊ) | ŋ (ᨍ) | — |
| Liquids | l (ᨒ) | r (ᨑ) | — | — |
| Glides | w (ᨓ) | j (ᨍ) | — | — |
| Fricatives | s (ᨔ) | — | h (ᨖ) | — |
Syllables are V, CV, or CVN.
| Vowel | Lontara | Example (with na) |
|---|---|---|
| i | ᨗ | ᨊᨗ (ni) |
| e | ᨙ | ᨊᨙ (né) |
| a (inherent) | — | ᨊ (na) |
| o | ᨚ | ᨊᨚ (no) |
| u | ᨘ | ᨊᨘ (nu) |
| ǝ/ø * | ᨛ | ᨊᨛ - Used as a virama, glottal marker, and cluster indicator |
Pronouns
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person exclusive (informal) | ikia (I) | ikińa (we: I + them) | nimi (we, excl.) |
| 1st person exclusive (formal) | ikilun (I, formal) | ikilu (we: I + important them) | nipiénimi (we, excl. formal) |
| 1st person inclusive (informal) | — | ikiśu (we: I + you) | tiéta (we, incl.) |
| 1st person inclusive (formal) | — | ikipién (we: I + you, formal) | nipiéniéta (we, incl. formal) |
| 2nd person (informal) | niśu (you) | nírua (you two) | nalian (you all) |
| 2nd person (formal) | nipién (you, formal) | nipiénrua (you two, formal) | nipiénlian (you all, formal) |
| 3rd person (informal) | nińa (he/she) | ráua (they: two) | sida (they) |
| 3rd person (formal) | liu (he/she, polite) | liliu (they: two, polite) | liliu (they, polite) |
| 3rd person (non-human) | niya (it) | niéya (they: two, non-human) | niéya (they, non-human) |
Wh
| Indo-Malay | English Meaning | Malay/Indonesian Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| apa | what | apa |
| ngukiniu | why (reason) | mengapa |
| tukkiniu | why (purpose/for what) | untuk apa |
| siniu | who | siapa |
| niesin | which (choice) | yang mana |
| dia mina | where (location) | di mana |
| kie mina | where to (direction) | ke mana |
| nure mina | where from (origin) | dari mana |
| nianu | when | kapan |
| kuja | how | bagaimana |
| nirniu | how much/many | berapa |
