Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite
𞤹𞤸𞤪
WIP Vrkhazhian Case System
Status Absolutus
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nominative
|
-um
|
-ūwa
|
-im
|
-īya
|
-am
|
-āya
|
-as
|
-āya
|
Vocative
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
Accusative
|
-us
|
-ūsa
|
-is
|
-īsa
|
-as
|
-āsa
|
Ergative
|
-un
|
-ūna
|
-in
|
-īna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
Genitive
|
-uḫ
|
-ūwa
|
-iḫ
|
-īya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
Status Constructus
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nominative
|
-∅
|
-ū
|
-∅
|
-ī
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
Oblique
|
Genitive
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
-a
|
Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
WIP Verb System
|
Strong Verbs
|
|
ḫaśras
|
namras
|
parḫas
|
|
"???"
|
"be evil"
|
"speak, say"
|
1sg
|
ḫaśurni
|
namirni
|
paraḫni
|
2sg
|
ḫaśurma
|
namirma
|
paraḫma
|
3sg
|
ḫaśurta
|
namirta
|
paraḫta
|
|
1pl
|
ḫaśurti
|
namirti
|
paraḫti
|
2pl
|
ḫaśurman
|
namirman
|
paraḫman
|
3pl
|
ḫaśurtan
|
namirtan
|
paraḫtan
|
|
I-Weak Verbs
|
|
yaźbas
|
wasḫas
|
ˀaldas
|
???
|
|
"???"
|
"be loyal"
|
"fight"
|
"???"
|
1sg
|
yaźubni
|
wasiḫni
|
ˀalanni
|
???
|
2sg
|
yaźumma
|
wasiḫma
|
ˀaladma
|
???
|
3sg
|
yaźubta
|
wasiḫta
|
ˀalatta
|
???
|
|
1pl
|
yaźubti
|
wasiḫti
|
ˀalatti
|
???
|
2pl
|
yaźumman
|
wasiḫman
|
ˀaladman
|
???
|
3pl
|
yaźubtan
|
wasiḫtan
|
ˀalattan
|
???
|
|
II-Weak Verbs
|
|
dūlas
|
tīlas
|
ṣābas
|
lēbas
|
|
"dig, reveal"
|
"destroy"
|
"kill"
|
"give"
|
1sg
|
dūlni
|
tīlni
|
ṣābni
|
lēbni
|
2sg
|
dūlma
|
tīlma
|
ṣāmma
|
lēmma
|
3sg
|
dūlta
|
tīlta
|
ṣābta
|
lēbta
|
|
1pl
|
dūlti
|
tīlti
|
ṣābti
|
lēbti
|
2pl
|
dūlman
|
tīlman
|
ṣāmman
|
lēmman
|
3pl
|
dūltan
|
tīltan
|
ṣābtan
|
lēbtan
|
|
III-Weak Verbs
|
|
???
|
rāsas
|
mālas
|
kēmas
|
|
"???"
|
"be good"
|
"heal"
|
"go up, rise"
|
1sg
|
???
|
rasīni
|
malāni
|
kemēni
|
2sg
|
???
|
rasīma
|
malāma
|
kemēma
|
3sg
|
???
|
rasīsa
|
malāsa
|
kemēsa
|
|
1pl
|
???
|
rasīti
|
malāti
|
kemēti
|
2pl
|
???
|
rasīman
|
malāman
|
kemēman
|
3pl
|
???
|
rasīsan
|
malāsan
|
kemēsan
|
Summary
Vrkhazhian Verb Derivation
Prefix(es)
|
Internal Change
|
Function
|
Example
|
—
|
—
|
ACTIVE
|
|
—
|
Reduplication
|
PLURACTIONAL
|
|
sa-
|
—
|
CAUSATIVE
|
|
-ā-
|
???
|
|
Reduplication
|
CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL
|
|
ma-
|
—
|
APPLICATIVE
|
|
-ā-
|
???
|
|
Reduplication
|
APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL
|
|
Active Voice
Conjugation (strong, a/u-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
parḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
parriḫ-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
paraḫni
|
napruḫni
|
tapruḫni
|
ḫapruḫni
|
parḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
paraḫma
|
napruḫma
|
tapruḫma
|
ḫapruḫma
|
parḫamma
|
parḫū
|
3.sg
|
paraḫta
|
napruḫta
|
tapruḫta
|
ḫapruḫta
|
parḫatta
|
parḫā
|
1.pl
|
paraḫti
|
napruḫti
|
tapruḫti
|
ḫapruḫti
|
parḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
paraḫman
|
napruḫman
|
tapruḫman
|
ḫapruḫman
|
parḫamman
|
parḫūna
|
3.pl
|
paraḫtan
|
napruḫtan
|
tapruḫtan
|
ḫapruḫtan
|
parḫattan
|
parḫāna
|
Negative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
paraḫnisi
|
napruḫnisi
|
tapruḫnisi
|
ḫapruḫnisi
|
parḫannisi
|
2.sg
|
paraḫmasi
|
napruḫmasi
|
tapruḫmasi
|
ḫapruḫmasi
|
parḫammasi
|
3.sg
|
paraḫtasi
|
napruḫtasi
|
tapruḫtasi
|
ḫapruḫtasi
|
parḫattasi
|
1.pl
|
paraḫtisi
|
napruḫtisi
|
tapruḫtisi
|
ḫapruḫtisi
|
parḫattisi
|
2.pl
|
paraḫmasin
|
napruḫmasin
|
tapruḫmasin
|
ḫapruḫmasin
|
parḫammasin
|
3.pl
|
paraḫtasin
|
napruḫtasin
|
tapruḫtasin
|
ḫapruḫtasin
|
parḫattasin
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
yandas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
yannid-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
yananni
|
nīnanni
|
tīnanni
|
ḫīnanni
|
yandanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
yanadma
|
nīnadma
|
tīnadma
|
ḫīnadma
|
yandamma
|
yandū
|
3.sg
|
yanatta
|
nīnatta
|
tīnatta
|
ḫīnatta
|
yandatta
|
yandā
|
1.pl
|
yanatti
|
nīnatti
|
tīnatti
|
ḫīnatti
|
yandatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
yanadman
|
nīnadman
|
tīnadman
|
ḫīnadman
|
yandamman
|
yandūna
|
3.pl
|
yanattan
|
nīnattan
|
tīnattan
|
ḫīnattan
|
yandattan
|
yandāna
|
Negative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
yanannisi
|
nīnannisi
|
tīnannisi
|
ḫīnannisi
|
yandannisi
|
2.sg
|
yanadmasi
|
nīnadmasi
|
tīnadmasi
|
ḫīnadmasi
|
yandammasi
|
3.sg
|
yanattasi
|
nīnattasi
|
tīnattasi
|
ḫīnattasi
|
yandattasi
|
1.pl
|
yanattisi
|
nīnattisi
|
tīnattisi
|
ḫīnattisi
|
yandattisi
|
2.pl
|
yanadmasin
|
nīnadmasin
|
tīnadmasin
|
ḫīnadmasin
|
yandammasin
|
3.pl
|
yanattasin
|
nīnattasin
|
tīnattasin
|
ḫīnattasin
|
yandattasin
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
ṣābas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
ṣibb-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
ṣābni
|
naṣābni
|
taṣābni
|
ḫaṣābni
|
ṣābanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
ṣāmma
|
naṣāmma
|
taṣāmma
|
ḫaṣāmma
|
ṣābamma
|
ṣābū
|
3.sg
|
ṣābta
|
naṣābta
|
taṣābta
|
ḫaṣābta
|
ṣābatta
|
ṣābā
|
1.pl
|
ṣābti
|
naṣābti
|
taṣābti
|
ḫaṣābti
|
ṣābatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
ṣāmman
|
naṣāmman
|
taṣāmman
|
ḫaṣāmman
|
ṣābamman
|
ṣābūna
|
3.pl
|
ṣābtan
|
naṣābtan
|
taṣābtan
|
ḫaṣābtan
|
ṣābattan
|
ṣābāna
|
Negative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
ṣābnisi
|
naṣābnisi
|
taṣābnisi
|
ḫaṣābnisi
|
ṣābannisi
|
2.sg
|
ṣāmmasi
|
naṣāmmasi
|
taṣāmmasi
|
ḫaṣāmmasi
|
ṣābammasi
|
3.sg
|
ṣābtasi
|
naṣābtasi
|
taṣābtasi
|
ḫaṣābtasi
|
ṣābattasi
|
1.pl
|
ṣābtisi
|
naṣābtisi
|
taṣābtisi
|
ḫaṣābtisi
|
ṣābattisi
|
2.pl
|
ṣāmmasin
|
naṣāmmasin
|
taṣāmmasin
|
ḫaṣāmmasin
|
ṣābammanis
|
3.pl
|
ṣābtasin
|
naṣābtasin
|
taṣābtasin
|
ḫaṣābtasin
|
ṣābattasin
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
rāsas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
rassi-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
rasīni
|
narsīni
|
tarsīni
|
ḫarsīni
|
rāsanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
rasīma
|
narsīma
|
tarsīma
|
ḫarsīma
|
rāsamma
|
rāsū
|
3.sg
|
rasīsa
|
narsīsa
|
tarsīsa
|
ḫarsīsa
|
rāsatta
|
rāsā
|
1.pl
|
rasīti
|
narsīti
|
tarsīti
|
ḫarsīti
|
rāsatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
rasīman
|
narsīman
|
tarsīman
|
ḫarsīman
|
rāsamman
|
rāsūna
|
3.pl
|
rasīsan
|
narsīsan
|
tarsīsan
|
ḫarsīsan
|
rāsattan
|
rāsāna
|
Negative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
rasīnisi
|
narsīnisi
|
tarsīnisi
|
ḫarsīnisi
|
rāsannisi
|
2.sg
|
rasīmasi
|
narsīmasi
|
tarsīmasi
|
ḫarsīmasi
|
rāsammasi
|
3.sg
|
rasīsasi
|
narsīsasi
|
tarsīsasi
|
ḫarsīsasi
|
rāsattasi
|
1.pl
|
rasītisi
|
narsītisi
|
tarsītisi
|
ḫarsītisi
|
rāsattisi
|
2.pl
|
rasīmasin
|
narsīmasin
|
tarsīmasin
|
ḫarsīmasin
|
rāsammasin
|
3.pl
|
rasīsasin
|
narsīsasin
|
tarsīsasin
|
ḫarsīsasin
|
rāsattasin
|
Pluractional
Conjugation (strong, a/u-class)
|
P-R-R-Ḫ (say many things)
|
Infinitive
|
parraḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
parriḫ-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
parraḫni
|
naparruḫni
|
taparruḫni
|
ḫaparruḫni
|
parraḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
parraḫma
|
naparruḫma
|
taparruḫma
|
ḫaparruḫma
|
parraḫamma
|
parraḫū
|
3.sg
|
parraḫta
|
naparruḫta
|
taparruḫta
|
ḫaparruḫta
|
parraḫatta
|
parraḫā
|
1.pl
|
parraḫti
|
naparruḫti
|
taparruḫti
|
ḫaparruḫti
|
parraḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
parraḫman
|
naparruḫman
|
taparruḫman
|
ḫaparruḫman
|
parraḫamman
|
parraḫūna
|
3.pl
|
parraḫtan
|
naparruḫtan
|
taparruḫtan
|
ḫaparruḫtan
|
parraḫattan
|
parraḫāna
|
Negative
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
Imperative
|
1.sg
|
parraḫnisi
|
naparruḫnisi
|
taparruḫnisi
|
ḫaparruḫnisi
|
parraḫannisi
|
2.sg
|
parraḫmasi
|
naparruḫmasi
|
taparruḫmasi
|
ḫaparruḫmasi
|
parraḫammasi
|
3.sg
|
parraḫtasi
|
naparruḫtasi
|
taparruḫtasi
|
ḫaparruḫtasi
|
parraḫattasi
|
1.pl
|
parraḫtisi
|
naparruḫtisi
|
taparruḫtisi
|
ḫaparruḫtisi
|
parraḫattisi
|
2.pl
|
parraḫmasin
|
naparruḫmasin
|
taparruḫmasin
|
ḫaparruḫmasin
|
parraḫammasin
|
3.pl
|
parraḫtasin
|
naparruḫtasin
|
taparruḫtasin
|
ḫaparruḫtasin
|
parraḫattasin
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
yannadas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
yannid-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
yannanni
|
ninnanni
|
tinnanni
|
ḫinnanni
|
yannadanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
yannadma
|
ninnadma
|
tinnadma
|
ḫinnadma
|
yannadamma
|
yannadū
|
3.sg
|
yannatta
|
ninnatta
|
tinnatta
|
ḫinnatta
|
yannadatta
|
yannadā
|
1.pl
|
yannatti
|
ninnatti
|
tinnatti
|
ḫinnatti
|
yannadatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
yannadman
|
ninnadman
|
tinnadman
|
ḫinnadman
|
yannadamman
|
yannadūna
|
3.pl
|
yanattan
|
ninnattan
|
tinnattan
|
ḫinnattan
|
yannadattan
|
yannadāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
ṣabbas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
ṣibb-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
ṣâbni
|
naṣâbni
|
taṣâbni
|
ḫaṣâbni
|
ṣabbanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
ṣâmma
|
naṣâmma
|
taṣâmma
|
ḫaṣâmma
|
ṣabbamma
|
ṣabbū
|
3.sg
|
ṣâbta
|
naṣâbta
|
taṣâbta
|
ḫaṣâbta
|
ṣabbatta
|
ṣabbā
|
1.pl
|
ṣâbti
|
naṣâbti
|
taṣâbti
|
ḫaṣâbti
|
ṣabbatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
ṣâmman
|
naṣâmman
|
taṣâmman
|
ḫaṣâmman
|
ṣabbamman
|
ṣabbūna
|
3.pl
|
ṣâbtan
|
naṣâbtan
|
taṣâbtan
|
ḫaṣâbtan
|
ṣabbattan
|
ṣabbāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
rassâs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
rassi-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
rassīni
|
narassīni
|
tarassīni
|
ḫarassīni
|
rassanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
rassīma
|
narassīma
|
tarassīma
|
ḫarassīma
|
rassamma
|
rassû
|
3.sg
|
rassīsa
|
narassīsa
|
tarassīsa
|
ḫarassīsa
|
rassatta
|
rassâ
|
1.pl
|
rassīti
|
narassīti
|
tarassīti
|
ḫarassīti
|
rassatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
rassīman
|
narassīman
|
tarassīman
|
ḫarassīman
|
rassamman
|
rassûna
|
3.pl
|
rassīsan
|
narassīsan
|
tarassīsan
|
ḫarassīsan
|
rassattan
|
rassâna
|
Applicative Voice
Benefactive
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
supruḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
supruḫ-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sapraḫni
|
nasapraḫni
|
tasapraḫni
|
ḫasapraḫni
|
sapraḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sapraḫma
|
nasapraḫma
|
tasapraḫma
|
ḫasapraḫma
|
sapraḫamma
|
sapraḫū
|
3.sg
|
sapraḫta
|
nasapraḫta
|
tasapraḫta
|
ḫasapraḫta
|
sapraḫatta
|
sapraḫā
|
1.pl
|
sapraḫti
|
nasapraḫti
|
tasapraḫti
|
ḫasapraḫti
|
sapraḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sapraḫman
|
nasapraḫman
|
tasapraḫman
|
ḫasapraḫman
|
sapraḫamman
|
sapraḫūna
|
3.pl
|
sapraḫtan
|
nasapraḫtan
|
tasapraḫtan
|
ḫasapraḫtan
|
sapraḫattan
|
sapraḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
sūnudas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
sūnud-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sīnanni
|
nasīnanni
|
tasīnanni
|
ḫasīnanni
|
sīnadanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sīnadma
|
nasīnadma
|
tasīnadma
|
ḫasīnadma
|
sīnadamma
|
sīnadū
|
3.sg
|
sīnatta
|
nasīnatta
|
tasīnatta
|
ḫasīnatta
|
sīnadatta
|
sīnadā
|
1.pl
|
sīnatti
|
nasīnatti
|
tasīnatti
|
ḫasīnatti
|
sīnadatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sīnadman
|
nasīnadman
|
tasīnadman
|
ḫasīnadman
|
sīnadamman
|
sīnadūna
|
3.pl
|
sīnattan
|
nasīnattan
|
tasīnattan
|
ḫasīnattan
|
sīnadattan
|
sīnadāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
suṣubbas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
suṣubb-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
saṣābni
|
naṣṣābni
|
taṣṣābni
|
ḫaṣṣābni
|
saṣābanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
saṣāmma
|
naṣṣāmma
|
taṣṣāmma
|
ḫaṣṣāmma
|
saṣābamma
|
saṣābū
|
3.sg
|
saṣābta
|
naṣṣābta
|
taṣṣābta
|
ḫaṣṣābta
|
saṣābatta
|
saṣābā
|
1.pl
|
saṣābti
|
naṣṣābti
|
taṣṣābti
|
ḫaṣṣābti
|
saṣābatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
saṣāmman
|
naṣṣāmman
|
taṣṣāmman
|
ḫaṣṣāmman
|
saṣābamman
|
saṣābūna
|
3.pl
|
saṣābtan
|
naṣṣābtan
|
taṣṣābtan
|
ḫaṣṣābtan
|
saṣābattan
|
saṣābāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
sursâs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
sursu-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sarsīni
|
nasarsīni
|
tasarsīni
|
ḫasarsīni
|
sarsanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sarsīma
|
nasarsīma
|
tasarsīma
|
ḫasarsīma
|
sarsamma
|
sarsû
|
3.sg
|
sarsīsa
|
nasarsīsa
|
tasarsīsa
|
ḫasarsīsa
|
sarsatta
|
sarsâ
|
1.pl
|
sarsīti
|
nasarsīti
|
tasarsīti
|
ḫasarsīti
|
sarsatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sarsīman
|
nasarsīman
|
tasarsīman
|
ḫasarsīman
|
sarsamman
|
sarsûna
|
3.pl
|
sarsīsan
|
nasarsīsan
|
tasarsīsan
|
ḫasarsīsan
|
sarsattan
|
sarsâna
|
Other
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
mupruḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
mupruḫ-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
mapraḫni
|
namapraḫni
|
tamapraḫni
|
ḫamapraḫni
|
mapraḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
mapraḫma
|
namapraḫma
|
tamapraḫma
|
ḫamapraḫma
|
mapraḫamma
|
mapraḫū
|
3.sg
|
mapraḫta
|
namapraḫta
|
tamapraḫta
|
ḫamapraḫta
|
mapraḫatta
|
mapraḫā
|
1.pl
|
mapraḫti
|
namapraḫti
|
tamapraḫti
|
ḫamapraḫti
|
mapraḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
mapraḫman
|
namapraḫman
|
tamapraḫman
|
ḫamapraḫman
|
mapraḫamman
|
mapraḫūna
|
3.pl
|
mapraḫtan
|
namapraḫtan
|
tamapraḫtan
|
ḫamapraḫtan
|
mapraḫattan
|
mapraḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
mūnudas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
mūnud-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
mīnanni
|
namīnanni
|
tamīnanni
|
ḫamīnanni
|
mīnadanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
mīnadma
|
namīnadma
|
tamīnadma
|
ḫamīnadma
|
mīnadamma
|
mīnadū
|
3.sg
|
mīnatta
|
namīnatta
|
tamīnatta
|
ḫamīnatta
|
mīnadatta
|
mīnadā
|
1.pl
|
mīnatti
|
namīnatti
|
tamīnatti
|
ḫamīnatti
|
mīnadatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
mīnadman
|
namīnadman
|
tamīnadman
|
ḫamīnadman
|
mīnadamman
|
mīnadūna
|
3.pl
|
mīnattan
|
namīnattan
|
tamīnattan
|
ḫamīnattan
|
mīnadattan
|
mīnadāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
muṣubbas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
muṣubb-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
maṣābni
|
namṣābni
|
tamṣābni
|
ḫamṣābni
|
maṣābanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
maṣāmma
|
namṣāmma
|
tamṣāmma
|
ḫamṣāmma
|
maṣābamma
|
maṣābū
|
3.sg
|
maṣābta
|
namṣābta
|
tamṣābta
|
ḫamṣābta
|
maṣābatta
|
maṣābā
|
1.pl
|
maṣābti
|
namṣābti
|
tamṣābti
|
ḫamṣābti
|
maṣābatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
maṣāmman
|
namṣāmman
|
tamṣāmman
|
ḫamṣāmman
|
maṣābamman
|
maṣābūna
|
3.pl
|
maṣābtan
|
namṣābtan
|
tamṣābtan
|
ḫamṣābtan
|
maṣābattan
|
maṣābāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
mursâs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
mursu-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
marsīni
|
namarsīni
|
tamarsīni
|
ḫamarsīni
|
marsanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
marsīma
|
namarsīma
|
tamarsīma
|
ḫamarsīma
|
marsamma
|
marsû
|
3.sg
|
marsīsa
|
namarsīsa
|
tamarsīsa
|
ḫamarsīsa
|
marsatta
|
marsâ
|
1.pl
|
marsīti
|
namarsīti
|
tamarsīti
|
ḫamarsīti
|
marsatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
marsīman
|
namarsīman
|
tamarsīman
|
ḫamarsīman
|
marsamman
|
marsûna
|
3.pl
|
marsīsan
|
namarsīsan
|
tamarsīsan
|
ḫamarsīsan
|
marsattan
|
marsâna
|
Stem shapes based on stress
Verbs
Base
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
PaRáḪ-
|
-PRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
I-w
|
WaRáḪ-
|
-ūRáḪ-
|
WaRḪ-á-
|
I-y
|
YaRáḪ-
|
-īRáḪ-
|
YaRḪ-á-
|
I-a
|
ˀaRáḪ-
|
-āRáḪ-
|
ˀaRḪ-á-
|
I-e
|
ˀeRéḪ-
|
-ēRéḪ-
|
ˀeRḪ-é-
|
Middle Weak
|
II-w
|
Pū́Ḫ-
|
-Pū́Ḫ-
|
PūḪ-á-
|
II-y
|
Pī́Ḫ-
|
-Pī́Ḫ-
|
PīḪ-á-
|
II-a
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
-Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-á-
|
II-e
|
PḗḪ-
|
-PḗḪ-
|
PēḪ-é-
|
Final Weak
|
III-w
|
PaRū́-
|
-PRū́-
|
PāR-á-
|
III-y
|
PaRī́-
|
-PRī́-
|
PāR-á-
|
III-a
|
PaRā́-
|
-PRā́-
|
PāR-á-
|
III-e
|
PeRḗ-
|
-PRḗ-
|
PēR-é-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemination
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
-PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
I-w
|
WaRRáḪ-
|
-uRRáḪ-
|
WaRRaḪ-á-
|
I-y
|
YaRRáḪ-
|
-iRRáḪ-
|
YaRRaḪ-á-
|
I-a
|
ˀaRRáḪ-
|
-aRRáḪ-
|
ˀaRRaḪ-á-
|
I-e
|
ˀeRRéḪ-
|
-eRRéḪ-
|
ˀeRReḪ-é-
|
Middle Weak
|
II-w
|
PấḪ-
|
-PấḪ-
|
PuḪḪ-á-
|
II-y
|
PấḪ-
|
-PấḪ-
|
PiḪḪ-á-
|
II-a
|
PấḪ-
|
-PấḪ-
|
PaḪḪ-á-
|
II-e
|
PếḪ-
|
-PếḪ-
|
PeḪḪ-é-
|
Final Weak
|
III-w
|
PaRRū́-
|
-PaRRū́-
|
PaRR-á-
|
III-y
|
PaRRī́-
|
-PaRRī́-
|
PaRR-á-
|
III-a
|
PaRRā́-
|
-PaRRā́-
|
PaRR-á-
|
III-e
|
PeRRḗ-
|
-PeRRḗ-
|
PeRR-é-
|
|
|
sa- Prefix
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
saPRáḪ-
|
-saPRáḪ-
|
saPRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
sāRáḪ-
|
-sāRáḪ-
|
sāRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
saPā́Ḫ-
|
-sPā́Ḫ-
|
saPāḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
saPRā́-
|
-saPRā́-
|
saPR-á-
|
sa- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
saPaRRáḪ-
|
-sPaRRáḪ-
|
saPaRRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
saRRáḪ-
|
-saRRáḪ-
|
saRRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
saPấḪ-
|
-sPấḪ-
|
saPaḪḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
saPaRRā́-
|
-sPaRRā́-
|
saPaRR-á-
|
ma- Prefix
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
maPRáḪ-
|
-maPRáḪ-
|
maPRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
māRáḪ-
|
-māRáḪ-
|
māRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
maPā́Ḫ-
|
-mPā́Ḫ-
|
maPāḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
maPRā́-
|
-maPRā́-
|
maPR-á-
|
ma- Prefix + Gemination
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
maPaRRáḪ-
|
-mPaRRáḪ-
|
maPaRRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
maRRáḪ-
|
-maRRáḪ-
|
maRRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
maPấḪ-
|
-mPấḪ-
|
maPaḪḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
maPaRRā́-
|
-mPaRRā́-
|
maPaRR-á-
|
Deverbatives
Base
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
Pā́Ḫ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
Pā́R-as
|
Pā́R
|
Pā́R-
|
PāR-ā́-
|
Lengthened
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
PấḪ-as
|
PấḪ
|
PấḪ-
|
PâḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
PaR-ấs
|
PáRā
|
PaR-ấ-
|
Gemination
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
PáḪḪ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
PáḪḪ-a
|
PaḪḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
PaRR-ấs
|
PáRRa
|
PaRR-ấ-
|
Voice
Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
Voice
|
Role/Marking
|
Nominative
|
Accusative
|
Instrumental
|
Active (Intransitive)
|
Subject
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Active (Monotransitive)
|
Subject
|
Object
|
N/A
|
Active (Ditransitive)
|
Subject
|
Primary Object
|
Secondary Object
|
Causative/Instrumental
|
Causer
|
Causee/Instrument
|
Object
|
Morpheme Chain
Clausal Proclitics
|
Relativizer
|
Tense/Mood
|
Stem
|
Imperative
|
Subject
|
Negation
|
Subject Plural (2nd and 3rd)
|
Voice
|
Root
|
various
|
iC-
|
na-, ta-, ḫa-
|
s(i)-, m(i)-
|
R₁(a)R₂aR₃ R₁(a)R₂uR₃ R₁(a)R₂iR₃
|
-aC- / -ā-
|
various
|
-si
|
-n
|
Ablaut Classes
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Class 1
|
Transitive
|
a
|
a
|
Intransitive
|
Dynamic
|
u
|
a
|
Stative
|
i
|
a
|
|
Class 2
|
Transitive
|
a
|
u
|
Intransitive
|
Dynamic
|
u
|
u
|
Stative
|
i
|
i
|
|
Class 3
|
Transitive
|
a
|
a
|
Intransitive
|
Dynamic
|
u
|
a
|
Stative
|
i
|
i
|
Ch'adic
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Pharyngeal
|
Glottal
|
central
|
lateral
|
Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
|
|
ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
|
|
|
Stop
|
fortis
|
p
|
t
|
t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩
|
t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩
|
k
|
ʡ
|
ʔ
|
emphatic
|
pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩
|
tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩
|
t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩
|
t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩
|
kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
|
lenis
|
b
|
d
|
d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩
|
d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩
|
g
|
Fricative
|
f
|
s
|
ɬ ⟨ś⟩
|
ʃ ⟨š⟩
|
x ⟨ḫ⟩
|
ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|
h
|
Approximant
|
w
|
|
|
j ⟨y⟩
|
|
Liquid
|
|
r
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš nouns
|
Status Absolutus
|
Status Constructus
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Feminine
|
-u
|
-un
|
-u
|
-ū
|
Masculine
|
-i
|
-in
|
-i
|
-ī
|
Neuter
|
-ar
|
-aran
|
-a
|
-ā
|
Inanimate
|
-aš
|
-ašan
|