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Pronunciation table

peműko (labial)								riisűko (dental)								muitűko (alveolar)								vainűko (palatal)							ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			स्व	स्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै ए पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			पं	पऺ	पॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	REV = reversive	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	Q = interrogative particle	YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Postposition

• 1. Positioned at the upper surface of, touching from above.
• éva ए॔भ - on, over, to, upon, on top of
• a. A vase of flowers stood on the table.
• गे॓र्लो नआ॓सोस् से॓रोस् ए॔भ ए-धै॓अ॥
• ge̋rlo na̋nos serős éva e-ðe̋e̋a:

ge̋r-l-o	na̋n-os	ser-ős	éva	e=ðe̋e̋-a
contain-INS-N.s	flower-N.p	table-G.s	on	PST=be.located-IND

• b. I will put the vase on the table.
• मु से॓रोम् ए॔भ गे॓र्लोम् उ-धै॓अ॥
• mu se̋rom éva ge̋rlom u-ðe̋e̋a:

m-u	se̋r-om	éva	ge̋r-l-om	u=ðe̋e̋-a
1s-N	table-A.s	on	contain-INS-A.s	FUT=place-IND

• 2. Positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to
• þóósa थौ॔स - contrary to, from, into, on, against, (as) opposed to, opposite (to), over against, up, with, counter-
• She hung the tapestry on the wall.
• ए॔यु फ॓दोम् थौ॔स और्सि॓दोम् ए-सि॓द॥
• éȝu fa̋dom þóósa oorsı̋dom e-sı̋da:

éȝ-u	fa̋d-om	þóósa	oor.sı̋d-om	e=sı̋d-a
3-N.s	wall-A.s	against	fabric.hang-A.s	PST=hang-IND

• 3. So as to impart force to
• þóósa थौ॔स - against
• Push hard on the door and it will open.
• धु॓रोम् थौ॔स उबे॓य द उ-लु॓र॥
• ðűrom þóósa ube̋ȝa da u-lűra:

ðűr-om	þóósa	ub-e̋ȝa	da	u=lűr-a
door-A.s	against	push-SBJ	and	FUT=open-IND

• 4. At or in (a certain region or location)
• éna ए॔न - at, in, into, on, to
• We used to live on that island.
• म़ुस् अ-दि॓मोम् ए॔न ए-म़ै॓स॥
• m̃us a-dı̋mom éna e-m̃e̋e̋sa:

m̃-us	a=dı̋m-om	éna	e=m̃e̋e̋s-a
1p-N	that=island-A.s	on	PST=live-IND

• 5. Supported by (the specified part of itself)
• ríza रि॔स़ - with, in support of, for, on [< rı̋za, t.v. prop, stay, support, shore up, brace, uphold, bear, support]
• Stand on your own two feet!
• द्वो॓ प॓तो तु-पेदो॓म् रि॔स़ चु॓रे॥
• d̬ő pa̋to tu-pedőm ríza ṡűre:

d̬ő	pa̋to-Ø	tu=ped-őm	ríza	ṡűr-e
two	own-ABS	your=foot-G.p	on	stand-IMP

• 6. Near; adjacent to; alongside
• ȝóba यो॔ब - near, about, by, on, close to, against [< ȝőba 1. t.v. approach, come-, draw-, -near, -nigh, near, nigh; approximate, undertake. 2. i.v. approach, nigh, come close]
• The village is on the Danube River.
• द॓बो म़ेस्दआए॓स् यो॔ब ए॓स॥
• da̋bo m̃esdaae̋s ȝóba e̋sa:

da̋b-o	m̃es.daa-e̋s	ȝóba	e̋s-a
village-N.s	west.river-G.s	on	be-IND

• 7. Covering
• o ओ - for, to
• He likes to wear socks on his feet.
• ए॔यु पेदो॓म् ओ द्यो॓थोन् यो॓पु क॓अ॥
• éȝu pedőm o d̨őþon ȝőpu ka̋a:

éȝ-u	ped-őm	o	d̨őþ-on	ȝőp-u	ka̋-a
3-N.s	foot-G.p	on	sock-A.p	wear-SUP	like-IND

• 8. Inside (a vehicle) for the purpose of travelling
• éna ए॔न - at, in, into, on, to
• We will ride on a train to the beach.
• म़ुस् क्यु॓दोम् दो चिक़सआथो॓स् ए॔न उ-रे॓इद॥
• m̃us k̨űdom do ṡixsaaþős éna u-re̋iða:

m̃-us	k̨űd-om	do	ṡix.saaþ-ős	éna	u=re̋ið-a
1p-N	beach-A.s	to	rail.caravan-G.s	on	FUT=ride-IND

• 9. At the date of; some time during the day of
• Genitive case.
• I do my wash on Mondays.
• मु पूसे॔नह॓म् ब॓नोम् ब॓न॥
• mu puusénaha̋m ba̋nom ba̋na:

m-u	puusén.ah-a̋m	ba̋n-om	ba̋n-a

1s-N||Puusenus.day-G.p||wash-A.s||wash-IND

• 10. Dealing with the subject of; about; concerning
• sépa , concerning, about [< se̋pa, t.v. treat (of), concern, be concerned-, -with, -about, care (about), occupy, deal-, -with, -in]
• I wrote a poem on my home and garden.
• मु नोमो॓स्क्व॓ पआथो॓स्क्वे से॔प म़े॓लोम् ए-य॓र॥
• mu nomősk̬e paaþősk̬e sépa m̃e̋lom e-ȝa̋ra:

m-u	nom-ős=k̬e	paaþ-ős=k̬e	sépa	m̃e̋l-om	e-ȝa̋r-a
1s-N	home-G.s=and	garden-G.s=and	on	poem-A.s	PST=write-IND

• 11. Upon; at the time of (and often because of)
• a. Subordinate clause
• On seeing the clouds, we ran for cover.
• मे॔ति म़ुस ने॓भोनम ए-न॓क। ते॓गोम् दो ए-रै॓स॥
• méti m̃us ne̋von e-na̋ka. te̋gom do e-re̋e̋sa:

méti	m̃-us	ne̋v-on	e=na̋k-a	te̋g-om	do	e=re̋e̋s-a
when	1p-N	cloud-A.p	PST=see-IND	shelter-A.s	to	PST=run-IND

• b. Absolute clause, when possible
• On my entering the room, she left.
• मुम् ते॓रोम् तंति॓रन्तुम्। ई-ए॔यु ए-भि॓द॥
• mum te̋rom tĭtı̋rantum. ii-éȝu e-vı̋da:

m-um	te̋r-om	tĭ~tı̋r-a-nt-um	ii=éȝ-u	e=vı̋d-a
1s-A	room-A.s	PRF~enter-IND-AP-A.s	F=3-N.s	PST=leave-IND

• 12. Because of, or due to.
• ha ह - because of
• They arrested him on my testimony.
• ए॔युस् मु-रआय्ये॔कथो॓स् ह ए॔युम् ए-धे॓र॥
• éȝus mu-raaȝ̈ékaþős ha éȝum e-ðe̋ra:

éȝ-us	mu=raaȝ̈ékaþ-ős	ha	éȝ-um	e=ðe̋r-a
3-N.p	my=testimony-G.s	on	3-A.s	PST=arrest-IND

• 13. Indicating a means of subsistence
• o ओ - for, to
• The dog survived three weeks on rainwater.
• नआ॓ये सूम़्हुरो॓स् ओ ति॓र् सेफ॓हन् ए-त्वि॓ल़॥
• na̋a̋ȝe suum̃hurős o tı̋r sefa̋han e-t̬ı̋ɫa:

na̋a̋ȝ-e	suum̃.hur-ős	o	tı̋r	sef.a̋h-an	e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a
dog-N.s	rain.water-G.s	on	three	seven.day-A.p	PST=survive-IND