Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite
𞤹𞤸𞤪
WIP Vrkhazhian Case System
Status Absolutus
|
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
| Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
| Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
-um
|
-ūwa
|
-im
|
-īya
|
-am
|
-āya
|
-as
|
-āya
|
| Vocative
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
| Accusative
|
-us
|
-ūsa
|
-is
|
-īsa
|
-as
|
-āsa
|
| Ergative
|
-un
|
-ūna
|
-in
|
-īna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
| Genitive
|
-uḫ
|
-ūwa
|
-iḫ
|
-īya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
| Locative
|
-ūti
|
-īti
|
-āti
|
-āti
|
| Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
Status Constructus
|
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
| Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
| Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Nominative
|
-∅
|
-ū
|
-∅
|
-ī
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
| Oblique
|
| Genitive
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
-a
|
| Locative
|
-ūti
|
-īti
|
-āti
|
-āti
|
| Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
WIP Verb System
|
|
Strong Verbs
|
|
|
ḫaśāras
|
namāras
|
parāḫas
|
|
|
"???"
|
"be evil"
|
"speak, say"
|
| 1sg
|
ḫaśurni
|
namirni
|
paraḫni
|
| 2sg
|
ḫaśurma
|
namirma
|
paraḫma
|
| 3sg
|
ḫaśurta
|
namirta
|
paraḫta
|
|
|
| 1pl
|
ḫaśurti
|
namirti
|
paraḫti
|
| 2pl
|
ḫaśurman
|
namirman
|
paraḫman
|
| 3pl
|
ḫaśurtan
|
namirtan
|
paraḫtan
|
|
|
I-Weak Verbs
|
|
|
yaźābas
|
wasāḫas
|
ˀalādas
|
???
|
|
|
"???"
|
"be loyal"
|
"fight"
|
"???"
|
| 1sg
|
yaźubni
|
wasiḫni
|
ˀalanni
|
???
|
| 2sg
|
yaźumma
|
wasiḫma
|
ˀaladma
|
???
|
| 3sg
|
yaźubta
|
wasiḫta
|
ˀalatta
|
???
|
|
|
| 1pl
|
yaźubti
|
wasiḫti
|
ˀalatti
|
???
|
| 2pl
|
yaźumman
|
wasiḫman
|
ˀaladman
|
???
|
| 3pl
|
yaźubtan
|
wasiḫtan
|
ˀalattan
|
???
|
|
|
II-Weak Verbs
|
|
|
dâlas
|
tâlas
|
ṣâbas
|
lêbas
|
|
|
"dig, reveal"
|
"destroy"
|
"kill"
|
"give"
|
| 1sg
|
dūlni
|
tīlni
|
ṣābni
|
lēbni
|
| 2sg
|
dūlma
|
tīlma
|
ṣāmma
|
lēmma
|
| 3sg
|
dūlta
|
tīlta
|
ṣābta
|
lēbta
|
|
|
| 1pl
|
dūlti
|
tīlti
|
ṣābti
|
lēbti
|
| 2pl
|
dūlman
|
tīlman
|
ṣāmman
|
lēmman
|
| 3pl
|
dūltan
|
tīltan
|
ṣābtan
|
lēbtan
|
|
|
III-Weak Verbs
|
|
|
???
|
rasâs
|
malâs
|
kemâs
|
|
|
"???"
|
"be good"
|
"heal"
|
"go up, rise"
|
| 1sg
|
???
|
rasīni
|
malāni
|
kemēni
|
| 2sg
|
???
|
rasīma
|
malāma
|
kemēma
|
| 3sg
|
???
|
rasīsa
|
malāsa
|
kemēsa
|
|
|
| 1pl
|
???
|
rasīti
|
malāti
|
kemēti
|
| 2pl
|
???
|
rasīman
|
malāman
|
kemēman
|
| 3pl
|
???
|
rasīsan
|
malāsan
|
kemēsan
|
Active Voice
| Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
| P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
| Infinitive
|
parḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
parḫāli
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
parraḫam
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
paraḫni
|
napraḫni
|
tapraḫni
|
ḫapraḫni
|
parḫanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
paraḫma
|
napraḫma
|
tapraḫma
|
ḫapraḫma
|
parḫamma
|
parḫū
|
| 3.sg
|
paraḫta
|
napraḫta
|
tapraḫta
|
ḫapraḫta
|
parḫatta
|
parḫā
|
| 1.pl
|
paraḫti
|
napraḫti
|
tapraḫti
|
ḫapraḫti
|
parḫatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
paraḫman
|
napraḫman
|
tapraḫman
|
ḫapraḫman
|
parḫamman
|
parḫūna
|
| 3.pl
|
paraḫtan
|
napraḫtan
|
tapraḫtan
|
ḫapraḫtan
|
parḫattan
|
parḫāna
|
| Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
| Y-N-D (catch)
|
| Noun
|
yandas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
yandāli
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
yannadam
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
yananni
|
nīnanni
|
tīnanni
|
ḫīnanni
|
yandanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
yanadma
|
nīnadma
|
tīnadma
|
ḫīnadma
|
yandamma
|
yandū
|
| 3.sg
|
yanatta
|
nīnatta
|
tīnatta
|
ḫīnatta
|
yandatta
|
yandā
|
| 1.pl
|
yanatti
|
nīnatti
|
tīnatti
|
ḫīnatti
|
yandatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
yanadman
|
nīnadman
|
tīnadman
|
ḫīnadman
|
yandamman
|
yandūna
|
| 3.pl
|
yanattan
|
nīnattan
|
tīnattan
|
ḫīnattan
|
yandattan
|
yandāna
|
| Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
| Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
| Noun
|
ṣābas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
ṣābāli
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
ṣabbam
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
ṣābni
|
naṣābni
|
taṣābni
|
ḫaṣābni
|
ṣābanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
ṣāmma
|
naṣāmma
|
taṣāmma
|
ḫaṣāmma
|
ṣābamma
|
ṣābū
|
| 3.sg
|
ṣābta
|
naṣābta
|
taṣābta
|
ḫaṣābta
|
ṣābatta
|
ṣābā
|
| 1.pl
|
ṣābti
|
naṣābti
|
taṣābti
|
ḫaṣābti
|
ṣābatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
ṣāmman
|
naṣāmman
|
taṣāmman
|
ḫaṣāmman
|
ṣābamman
|
ṣābūna
|
| 3.pl
|
ṣābtan
|
naṣābtan
|
taṣābtan
|
ḫaṣābtan
|
ṣābattan
|
ṣābāna
|
| Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
| R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
| Noun
|
rāsas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
rāsāli
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
rassâm
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
rasīni
|
narsīni
|
tarsīni
|
ḫarsīni
|
rāsanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
rasīma
|
narsīma
|
tarsīma
|
ḫarsīma
|
rāsamma
|
rāsū
|
| 3.sg
|
rasīsa
|
narsīsa
|
tarsīsa
|
ḫarsīsa
|
rāsatta
|
rāsā
|
| 1.pl
|
rasīti
|
narsīti
|
tarsīti
|
ḫarsīti
|
rāsatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
rasīman
|
narsīman
|
tarsīman
|
ḫarsīman
|
rāsamman
|
rāsūna
|
| 3.pl
|
rasīsan
|
narsīsan
|
tarsīsan
|
ḫarsīsan
|
rāsattan
|
rāsāna
|
Causative Voice
| Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
| P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
| Infinitive
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
parraḫni
|
naparraḫni
|
taparraḫni
|
ḫaparraḫni
|
parraḫanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
parraḫma
|
naparraḫma
|
taparraḫma
|
ḫaparraḫma
|
parraḫamma
|
parraḫū
|
| 3.sg
|
parraḫta
|
naparraḫta
|
taparraḫta
|
ḫaparraḫta
|
parraḫatta
|
parraḫā
|
| 1.pl
|
parraḫti
|
naparraḫti
|
taparraḫti
|
ḫaparraḫti
|
parraḫatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
parraḫman
|
naparraḫman
|
taparraḫman
|
ḫaparraḫman
|
parraḫamman
|
parraḫūna
|
| 3.pl
|
parraḫtan
|
naparraḫtan
|
taparraḫtan
|
ḫaparraḫtan
|
parraḫattan
|
parraḫāna
|
| Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
| Y-N-D (catch)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
yannanni
|
ninnanni
|
tinnanni
|
ḫinnanni
|
yannadanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
yannadma
|
ninnadma
|
tinnadma
|
ḫinnadma
|
yannadamma
|
yannadū
|
| 3.sg
|
yannatta
|
ninnatta
|
tinnatta
|
ḫinnatta
|
yannadatta
|
yannadā
|
| 1.pl
|
yannatti
|
ninnatti
|
tinnatti
|
ḫinnatti
|
yannadatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
yannadman
|
ninnadman
|
tinnadman
|
ḫinnadman
|
yannadamman
|
yannadūna
|
| 3.pl
|
yanattan
|
ninnattan
|
tinnattan
|
ḫinnattan
|
yannadattan
|
yannadāna
|
| Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
| Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
ṣâbni
|
naṣâbni
|
taṣâbni
|
ḫaṣâbni
|
ṣabbanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
ṣâmma
|
naṣâmma
|
taṣâmma
|
ḫaṣâmma
|
ṣabbamma
|
ṣabbū
|
| 3.sg
|
ṣâbta
|
naṣâbta
|
taṣâbta
|
ḫaṣâbta
|
ṣabbatta
|
ṣabbā
|
| 1.pl
|
ṣâbti
|
naṣâbti
|
taṣâbti
|
ḫaṣâbti
|
ṣabbatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
ṣâmman
|
naṣâmman
|
taṣâmman
|
ḫaṣâmman
|
ṣabbamman
|
ṣabbūna
|
| 3.pl
|
ṣâbtan
|
naṣâbtan
|
taṣâbtan
|
ḫaṣâbtan
|
ṣabbattan
|
ṣabbāna
|
| Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
| R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
rassīni
|
narassīni
|
tarassīni
|
ḫarassīni
|
rassanni
|
—
|
| 2.sg
|
rassīma
|
narassīma
|
tarassīma
|
ḫarassīma
|
rassamma
|
rassû
|
| 3.sg
|
rassīsa
|
narassīsa
|
tarassīsa
|
ḫarassīsa
|
rassatta
|
rassâ
|
| 1.pl
|
rassīti
|
narassīti
|
tarassīti
|
ḫarassīti
|
rāssatti
|
—
|
| 2.pl
|
rassīman
|
narassīman
|
tarassīman
|
ḫarassīman
|
rāssamman
|
rassûna
|
| 3.pl
|
rassīsan
|
narassīsan
|
tarassīsan
|
ḫarassīsan
|
rāssattan
|
rassâna
|
Benefactive Voice
| Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
| P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
sipraḫni
|
nisipraḫni
|
tisipraḫni
|
yisipraḫni
|
sipraḫanni
|
???
|
| 2.sg
|
sipraḫma
|
nisipraḫma
|
tisipraḫma
|
yisipraḫma
|
sipraḫamma
|
???
|
| 3.sg
|
sipraḫta
|
nisipraḫta
|
tisipraḫta
|
yisipraḫta
|
sipraḫatta
|
???
|
| 1.pl
|
sipraḫti
|
nisipraḫti
|
tisipraḫti
|
yisipraḫti
|
sipraḫatti
|
???
|
| 2.pl
|
sipraḫman
|
nisipraḫman
|
tisipraḫman
|
yisipraḫman
|
sipraḫamman
|
???
|
| 3.pl
|
sipraḫtan
|
nisipraḫtan
|
tisipraḫtan
|
yisipraḫtan
|
sipraḫattan
|
???
|
| Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
| Y-N-D (catch)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
sīnanni
|
nisīnanni
|
tisīnanni
|
yisīnanni
|
sīnadanni
|
???
|
| 2.sg
|
sīnadma
|
nisīnadma
|
tisīnadma
|
yisīnadma
|
sīnadamma
|
???
|
| 3.sg
|
sīnatta
|
nisīnatta
|
tisīnatta
|
yisīnatta
|
sīnadatta
|
???
|
| 1.pl
|
sīnatti
|
nisīnatti
|
tisīnatti
|
yisīnatti
|
sīnadatti
|
???
|
| 2.pl
|
sīnadman
|
nisīnadman
|
tisīnadman
|
yisīnadman
|
sīnadamman
|
???
|
| 3.pl
|
sīnattan
|
nisīnattan
|
tisīnattan
|
yisīnattan
|
sīnadattan
|
???
|
| Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
| Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
siṣābni
|
niṣṣābni
|
tiṣṣābni
|
yiṣṣābni
|
siṣābanni
|
???
|
| 2.sg
|
siṣāmma
|
niṣṣāmma
|
tiṣṣāmma
|
yiṣṣāmma
|
siṣābamma
|
???
|
| 3.sg
|
siṣābta
|
niṣṣābta
|
tiṣṣābta
|
yiṣṣābta
|
siṣābatta
|
???
|
| 1.pl
|
siṣābti
|
niṣṣābti
|
tiṣṣābti
|
yiṣṣābti
|
siṣābatti
|
???
|
| 2.pl
|
siṣāmman
|
niṣṣāmman
|
tiṣṣāmman
|
yiṣṣāmman
|
siṣābamman
|
???
|
| 3.pl
|
siṣābtan
|
niṣṣābtan
|
tiṣṣābtan
|
yiṣṣābtan
|
siṣābattan
|
???
|
| Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
| R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adverb
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
sirsāni
|
nisirsāni
|
tisirsāni
|
yisirsāni
|
sirsanni
|
???
|
| 2.sg
|
sirsāma
|
nisirsāma
|
tisirsāma
|
yisirsāma
|
sirsamma
|
???
|
| 3.sg
|
sirsāsa
|
nisirsāsa
|
tisirsāsa
|
yisirsāsa
|
sirsatta
|
???
|
| 1.pl
|
sirsāti
|
nisirsāti
|
tisirsāti
|
yisirsāti
|
sirsatti
|
???
|
| 2.pl
|
sirsāman
|
nisirsāman
|
tisirsāman
|
yisirsāman
|
sirsamman
|
???
|
| 3.pl
|
sirsāsan
|
nisirsāsan
|
tisirsāsan
|
yisirsāsan
|
sirsattan
|
???
|
Malefactive Voice
| Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
| P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
| Noun
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
| Adjective
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
| Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Jussive
|
| 1.sg
|
mipraḫni
|
nimipraḫni
|
timipraḫni
|
yimipraḫni
|
mipraḫanni
|
| 2.sg
|
mipraḫma
|
nimipraḫma
|
timipraḫma
|
yimipraḫma
|
mipraḫamma
|
| 3.sg
|
mipraḫta
|
nimipraḫta
|
timipraḫta
|
yimipraḫta
|
mipraḫatta
|
| 1.pl
|
mipraḫti
|
nimipraḫti
|
timipraḫti
|
yimipraḫti
|
mipraḫatti
|
| 2.pl
|
mipraḫman
|
nimipraḫman
|
timipraḫman
|
yimipraḫman
|
mipraḫamman
|
| 3.pl
|
mipraḫtan
|
nimipraḫtan
|
timipraḫtan
|
yimipraḫtan
|
mipraḫattan
|
Verbs
Base
| Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
| Strong
|
PaRáḪ-
|
-PRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-á-
|
| Initial Weak
|
PaRáḪ-
|
-RáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-á-
|
| Middle Weak
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
-Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-á-
|
| Final Weak
|
PaRā́-
|
-PRā́-
|
PāR-á-
|
Gemination
| Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
| Strong
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
-PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-á-
|
| Initial Weak
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
-RRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-á-
|
| Middle Weak
|
PấḪ-
|
-PấḪ-
|
PaḪḪ-á-
|
| Final Weak
|
PaRRā́-
|
-PaRRā́-
|
PaRR-á-
|
Deverbatives
Base
| Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
| Strong
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
| Initial Weak
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
| Middle Weak
|
Pā́Ḫ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-ā́-
|
| Final Weak
|
Pā́R-as
|
Pā́R
|
Pā́R-
|
PāR-ā́-
|
Lengthened
| Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
| Strong
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
| Initial Weak
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
| Middle Weak
|
PấḪ-as
|
PấḪ
|
PấḪ-
|
PâḪ-ā́-
|
| Final Weak
|
PaR-ấs
|
PáRā
|
PaR-ấ-
|
Gemination
| Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
| Strong
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
| Initial Weak
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
| Middle Weak
|
PáḪḪ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
PáḪḪ-a
|
PaḪḪ-ā́-
|
| Final Weak
|
PaRR-ấs
|
PáRRa
|
PaRR-ấ-
|
Voice
Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
| Voice
|
Role/Marking
|
| Nominative
|
Accusative
|
Instrumental
|
| Active (Intransitive)
|
Subject
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
| Active (Monotransitive)
|
Subject
|
Object
|
N/A
|
| Active (Ditransitive)
|
Subject
|
Primary Object
|
Secondary Object
|
| Causative/Instrumental
|
Causer
|
Causee/Instrument
|
Object
|
Morpheme Chain
| Clausal Proclitics
|
Relativizer
|
Tense/Mood
|
Stem
|
Imperative
|
Subject
|
Negation
|
Subject Plural
(2nd and 3rd)
|
| Voice
|
Root
|
| various
|
iC-
|
na-, ta-, ḫa-
|
s(i)-, m(i)-
|
R₁(a)R₂aR₃
R₁(a)R₂uR₃
R₁(a)R₂iR₃
|
-aC- / -ā-
|
various
|
-si
|
-n
|
Ch'adic
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Pharyngeal
|
Glottal
|
| central
|
sibilant
|
lateral
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
|
|
|
ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
|
|
|
| Stop
|
fortis
|
p
|
t
|
t͡s ⟨c⟩
|
t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩
|
t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩
|
k
|
ʡ
|
ʔ
|
| emphatic
|
pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩
|
tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩
|
t͡sʼ ⟨c̣⟩
|
t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩
|
t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩
|
kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
|
| lenis
|
b
|
d
|
d͡z ⟨ʒ⟩
|
d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩
|
d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩
|
g
|
| Fricative
|
f
|
|
s
|
ɬ ⟨ś⟩
|
ʃ ⟨š⟩
|
x ⟨ḫ⟩
|
ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|
h
|
| Approximant
|
w
|
|
|
|
j ⟨y⟩
|
|
| Liquid
|
|
r
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš nouns
|
|
Status Absolutus
|
Status Constructus
|
| Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Feminine
|
-u
|
-un
|
-u
|
-ū
|
| Masculine
|
-i
|
-in
|
-i
|
-ī
|
| Neuter
|
-ar
|
-aran
|
-a
|
-ā
|
| Inanimate
|
-aš
|
-ašan
|
