Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /k/ | /g/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | /w/ | /j/ | /ɾ/ | /l/ | /ɬ/ | /ʦ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | T t | D d | ṫ | ḋ | K k | G g | ḳ | ġ | ʻ | S s | Z z | Š š | H h | W w | Y y | R r | L l | ḷ | Ś ś | I i | E e | ė | A a | O o | U u |
| Arabic | م | ن | گ | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ٺ | ٻ | ط 2 |
ظ | د | ذ | ک 3 |
ݢ | ٯ 4 |
ڧ | ع | ص 5 |
ض | ڝ | ح 6 |
و 7 |
ي | ر | ل 8 |
ݪ | ڄ | ی | ه | ا | ۉ | ۆ | |
| Name | Mi مى |
Ne نه |
Ŋo گۉ |
Pi ٮى |
Bi بى |
Ṗi ٺى |
Ḃi ٻى |
Te طه |
De ظه |
Ṫe ده |
Ḋe ذه |
Ko کۉ |
Go ݢۉ |
Ḳo ٯۉ |
Ġo ڧۉ |
ʻu عۆ |
Sa صا |
Za ضا |
Ša ڝا |
Hu حۆ |
Wi وى |
Yo ىۉ |
Ra را |
Le له |
Ḷe ݪه |
Śa ڄا |
i ى |
e ه |
ė |
a ا |
o ۉ |
u ۆ |
Notes
- The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
- <ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, e.g. صٙ, sė.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 7 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 3 | x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 8 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| voiceless | ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2 | ||||||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ś /ʦ/ ز4 |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <ڄ> /ʦ/ is taken from the Bosnian alphabet [3].
- 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
- 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [4].
- 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [5].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [6].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٙ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (oŋ ۉگ) which represent 31 phonemes (nihoŋ نىحۉگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
- When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
