Liwadi: Phonology
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| IPA | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /k/ | /g/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /h/ | /w/ | /j/ | /ɾ/ | /l/ | /ɬ/ | /ʦ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | T t | D d | ṫ | ḋ | K k | G g | ḳ | ġ | ʻ | S s | Z z | Š š | H h | W w | Y y | R r | L l | ḷ | Ś ś | I i | E e | ė | A a | O o | U u |
| Arabic | م | ن | گ | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ٺ | ٻ | ط 2 |
ظ | د | ذ | ک 3 |
ݢ | ٯ 4 |
ڧ | ع | ص 5 |
ض | ڝ | ح 6 |
و 7 |
ي | ر | ل 8 |
ݪ | ڄ | ی | ه | ا | ۉ | ۆ | |
| Name | Mim ميم |
Nun نۆن |
Ŋaŋ ڰاگ |
Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ٺا |
Ḃa ٻا |
Ta طا |
Da ظا |
Ṫa دا |
Ḋa ذا |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ḳaf ٯاڡ |
Ġaf ڧاڡ |
ʻaf عام |
Sad صاظ |
Zad ضاظ |
Šad ڝاظ |
Ha حا |
Wa وا |
Ya ىا |
Ram رام |
Lam لام |
Ḷam ݪام |
Śam ڄام |
i ى |
e ه |
ė |
a ا |
o ۉ |
u ۆ |
- Notes:
- The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
- <ė> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, e.g. صٰ, sė.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ||||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 2 | x /ʃ/ س 3 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 6 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ś /ʦ/ ز |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [1].
- 3 <س> is used instead of <ش>.
- 4 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [2].
- 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 6 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [3].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [4].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 25 graphemes (oŋ ۉگ) which represent 25 phonemes (nihoŋ نىحۉگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, ŋ, w, y, r, ś, h, m, n, l, x and ʻ.
- When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
