Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /s/ | /z/ | /j/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | H h | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | K k | G g | Ń ń | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | S s | Z z | Y y | I i | E e | ė | A a | N n | M m | L l | R r | ʻ |
| Arabic | ح | خ | ݗ | و | ۄ | ۆ | ک | ݢ | گ | ط | ظ | د | ذ | ٮ | ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ص | ض | ی | ي | ه | ا | ن | م | ل | ر | ع | |
| Name | Ha حا |
Ḳa خا |
Ġa ݗا |
Wa وا |
Wo وۄ |
Wu وۆ |
Kaf کا |
Gaf ݢا |
Ńaf گا |
Ta طا |
Da ظا |
Ṭa دا |
Ḍa ذا |
Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ڡا |
Ḃa ڢا |
Sa صا |
Za ضا |
Ya ىا |
Yi ىي |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
Alif ا |
Nun نۆن |
Mim ميم |
Lam لام |
Ra را |
ʻan عان |
- The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
- The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 4 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ 2 | g /g/ ݢ 6 | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ڡ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 3 | ḳ /ɣ/ خ | h /h/ ح 7 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ڢ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /χ/ ݗ | ||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ی | |||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shughni alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 Taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 6 The Malay Ga /g/.
- 7 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ي | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۄ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [5].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 The Kashmiri /ɔ/ [6].
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 29 graphemes (oń ۄگ) which represent 29 phonemes (nihoń نيحۄگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ.
- When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics only to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
