Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /j/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /s/ | /z/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | W w | O o | U u | Y y | I i | ï | K k | G g | Ń ń | H h | ḳ | ġ | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | S s | Z z | P p | B b | ṗ | ḅ | E e | ë | A a | L l | M m | N n | R r | ʻ |
| Arabic | و | وْ | وُ | ی | ى۬ | ي | ک | ݢ | گ | ح | خ | ݗ | ط | ظ | د | ذ | ص | ض | ٮ | ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ه | ۃ | ا | ل | م | ن | ر | ع |
| Name | Wa | O | U | Ya | I | Ï | Ka | Ga | Ńa | Ha | Ḳa | Ġa | Ta | Da | Ṭa | Ḍa | Sa | Za | Pa | Ba | Ṗa | Ḅa | E | Ë | A | Nun | Mim | Lam | Ra | ʻan |
- The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 4 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ 2 | g /g/ ݢ 6 | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | s /s/ ص 3 | h /h/ ح 7 | |||
| voiced | z /z/ ض | |||||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | r /ɾ/ ر | y /j/ ی |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shughni alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <گ> /ŋ/ is taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 6 The Malay Ga /g/.
- 7 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ى۬ | u /u/ وٚ | |
| Near-close | ï /ɪ/ ي | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه | o /o/ وْ | |
| Open-mid | ë /ɛ/ ۃ | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Alphabet - Yawan ىٙوٙن
- The Liwadi alphabet (yawan ىٙوٙن) has 24 graphemes (oń وْگ) which represent 24 sounds (nihoń نی۬حوْگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń.
- When the stop consonants (t, d, p, b, k, g) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ).
- The vowel inventory consists of a, e, ë, i, ï, o, and u. By not using diacritics only to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
