Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /j/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /s/ | /z/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | W w | O o | U u | Y y | I i | ï | K k | G g | Ń ń | H h | ḳ | ġ | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | S s | Z z | P p | B b | ṗ | ḅ | E e | ë | A a | L l | M m | N n | R r | ʻ |
| Arabic | و | وْ | وُ | ی | ى۬ | ي | ک | ݢ | گ | ح | خ | ݗ | ط | ظ | د | ذ | ص | ض | ٮ | ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ه | ۃ | ا | ل | م | ن | ر | ع |
| Name | Wa | O | U | Ya | I | Ï | Ka | Ga | Ńa | Ha | Ḳa | Ġa | Ta | Da | Ṭa | Ḍa | Sa | Za | Pa | Ba | Ṗa | Ḅa | E | Ë | A | Nun | Mim | Lam | Ra | ʻan |
- The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 4 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 5 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ 2 | g /g/ ݢ 6 | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | s /s/ ص 3 | h /h/ ح 7 | |||
| voiced | z /z/ ض | |||||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | r /ɾ/ ر | y /j/ ی |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shughni alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <گ> /ŋ/ is taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 5 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 6 The Malay Ga /g/.
- 7 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ى۬ | u /u/ وٚ | |
| Near-close | ï /ɪ/ ي | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه | o /o/ وْ | |
| Open-mid | ë /ɛ/ ۃ | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Alphabet - Yawan ىٙوٙن
- The Liwadi alphabet (yawan ىٙوٙن) has 24 graphemes (oń وْگ) which represent 24 sounds (nihoń نی۬حوْگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń.
- When the stop consonants (t, d, p, b, k, g) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ).
- The vowel inventory consists of a, e, ë, i, ï, o, and u.
