User:Masako/naho
Introduction
Characteristics
Borrowing
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Diphthongs
Phonotactics
- u-/-u used to replace redundant syllables
Nouns
Gender
Gender is not normally marked but can be with the endings -na and -ta to mark the feminine and masculine, respectively or nouns such as naka, tlaka, nahi, or tahi (the woman, the man, the girl, the boy), etc. A gender neutral suffix, -nta may be used when the gender is unknown or ambiguous.
- kuma - bear - a bear → kumana - bear-FEM - sow → kumata - bear-MASC - boar
- masa - deer - a deer → masana - deer-FEM - doe → masata - deer-MASC - stag
- uma - horse - a horse → umana - horse-FEM - mare → umata - horse-MASC - stallion
Number
- -mi paucal
- tatli / tli- collective
- oli / -li each; every
- ma / -m/-lo general plural
- mpa / -mpa many/much ~
Pronouns
na – 1sg ta – 2sg ha – 3sg tla – 3sg.INAN
ki / -ki reflexive anku / -nku reciprocal
Deixis
itla / i- proximal uatla / ua- medial yetla / ye- distal
Case
ya – vocative particle te – genitive [inalienable possession] -tle/-le – dative / benefactive yoha / -yo – genitive / possessive mpe / -mpe – terminative or limitative case
Size & Importance
piece; a part – peya / -pe diminutive; small – ahi / -hi
Quality
niha / -ni good; pleasant; regular sahi / -si color of ~ atsi / tsi- angle of ~ mala / -mpo bad; unfavorable; unpleasant to / -to way; method; manner ko / -ko/-tlo agent; individual mo / -mo place; location of ~ no / -no thing; substance of ~ so / -so type; kind; class of ~ tsoya / -tso middle; center; half of ~ o- honored/revered puku / -pu clothing for ~ suku / -su market/shop for/of ~ kyohu / -hu aggressive or extreme ~ kutsu / -tsu flesh/meat of ~ umpu / -mpu shape or form of ~ nata / -nta relative; kin
Numbers
cardinal
ordinal
multiples
- multiple of number – tiha / ti-
math operations
Verbs
Tense
future tense – atli / -tli past tense – aye / -ye
Aspect
inchoative – mula / -mu continuous – nook / -nko
Mood
- The abilitative mood [ABIL] is marked with the suffix -pa from pala, meaning "to be able; capable (of); can; possible".
proposotive – neya / -ne
necessative – heya / -he
apparentative – tse’e / -tse
negative – nke / -nke/-k
Evidentiality
based on evidence – kotsi / -tsi assertive/assumptive – toho / -ho auditory “heard” – anu / -nu
Coverbs
Copula
a - be; exist [used for emphasis/disambiguation]
Particles
ka – interrogative particle ke – topic particle e – er; um; uh
Interjections
tsaya / -tsa – damn; general invective
Conjunctions
- pa - "although; even though; even if"
ma – and; also; too; as well ua – or; either; other ehe / me – but; however ue – either X or Y [exclusive] “one or the other”
Adpostionals
nya – for; by; related to
Syntax
Noun phrases
Clauses
Complex sentences
Abbreviations
1 first person 2 second person 3 third person sg singular pl plural INAN inanimate PROX proximal MED medial DIST distal VOC vocative GEN genitive DAT dative REFL reflexive PAU paucal