Aθáta
| Aθáta | |
| Spoken in: | Raθθán Highlands |
| Timeline/Universe: | Arvorec |
| Total speakers: | Unknown |
| Genealogical classification: | Edastean Proto-Edak |
| Basic word order: | VSO/head-initial |
| Morphological type: | Fusional |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-accusative |
| Created by: | |
| Rob Haden | 2006- |
Aθáta [a.ˈða.ta] is a descendant of the earlier Adāta language developed by Deiniol Jones (aka Dewrad). It was created for the "Derivation Relay" in August 2006. Currently, Aθáta is considered to have existed about 500 - 800 years after its parent tongue. While it maintains many ancestral features, there have also been significant changes in phonology, grammar, and lexicon.
Phonology
Sound Changes
The ancestral phonology can be found here. Over the next several centuries, the following sound changes occurred:
- Original [h] was lost in all positions.
- [x] weakened to [h], which was then lost except in initial position.
- In words with initial stress, the rightmost non-initial long vowel attracted the stress, e.g. *Ádāta > *Adâta "Aθáta".
- Aspirated stops lenited to voiceless fricatives: [pⁿ tⁿ kⁿ] > [f θ x].
- Voiced stops lenited to voiced fricatives (perhaps simultaneous with #4): [b d g] > [v ð ɣ].
- Elision of unstressed vowels:
- Medial unstressed short vowels were elided immediately following a vowel with primary or secondary stress, e.g. *dízaka > *ðíska "king".
- In disyllabic words with final stress, the first vowel was elided if it is short and preceded by a consonant, e.g. *kuthê > kθê "steal".
- Short and long vowel distinctions were lost in monophthongs.
- Short diphthongs were smoothed to long monophthongs: [ai ei oi au eu ou] > [ē ī ī ō ū ū].
- Long diphthongs were shortened: [āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu] > [ai ei oi au eu ou].
- Coda stops were aspirated and then merged with the corresponding fricatives, e.g. *mékat > *mékaθ "brother".
- All fricatives came to be pronounced voiceless in initial and final positions, and voiced in medial position (except before a voiceless stop), leading to a formal merger of the voiced and voiceless fricatives.
- Palatalization changes:
- Velars became palatals next to a front vowel: [k x ɣ] > [c ç ʝ].
- Dentals became postalveolars before [i]: [t s z] > [tʃ ʃ ʒ]. The affricate then quickly merged with the palatal stop [c].
Phonemes
Allophones are marked in brackets.
| Consonants | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Plosives | p | t | c | k | |||||||||||
| Fricatives | f | θ | s | ʃ | [ç] | x | h | ||||||||
| [v] | [ð] | [z] | [ʒ] | [ʝ] | [ɣ] | ||||||||||
| Nasals | m | n | |||||||||||||
| Laterals | l | r | |||||||||||||
| Glides | j | ||||||||||||||
| Vowels | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||||
| High | i | ī | u | ū | ||||||
| Mid | e | ē | o | ō | ||||||
| Low | a | ā | ||||||||
Orthography
Aθáta has a slightly different orthography from its parent language. However, it is almost completely phonemic (meaning one-to-one phoneme correspondence), since the allophones are always predictable. Only the phoneme [c] is marked by two different graphemes, <c> and <ti>, for reasons of etymology. The main orthographic differences are:
- Use of <c> instead of <k> to mark /k/.
- Use of <f θ x> instead of <ph th kh>, due to those sounds (earlier aspirated stops) becoming fricatives, as mentioned above.
- Lack of <h>, since its corresponding phoneme has long since disappeared.
- Use of <si> to indicate /ʃ/.
- Word stress, which is not predictable, is always marked. An acute accent marks stress on a short vowel, while a circumflex marks it on a long vowel.
Aside from these changes, the orthography is exactly like Adāta, including the use of macrons to indicate (unstressed) long vowels.
Pronounciation
Here are some simple rules on pronouncing written Aθáta:
- The letters <f θ x s> are voiceless at the beginning and end of a word. In the middle of a word, they are voiceless before <p t c> and voiced otherwise. Examples: <fáfor> [ˈfa.vɔɾ] "strength", <mécaθ> [ˈme.caθ] "brother", <θísca> [ˈθis.ka] "king", <énθa> [ˈɛn.ða] "(to) feel", <xósa> [ˈxo.za] "grove", <láxo> [ˈla.ɣo] "bone", <máθexlax> [ˈma.ðɛʝ.lax] "your (pl.) hearts", <θmôcaix> [ˈθmō.kaɪç] "our city-states".
- The letters <c x> are pronounced as palatals when adjacent to a front vowel and as velars otherwise. Examples: <éxa> [ˈe.ʝa] "domesticated animal", <xénu> [ˈçe.nu] "light", <xocé> [xo.ˈce] "tin", <cálas> [ˈka.las] "borders", <écon> [ˈe.cɔn] "hostile".
- The letter <t> is pronounced as [c] before /i/ and [t] otherwise. Likewise, <s> is pronounced as [ʃ] before /i/ and [s] otherwise (voicing rules apply as above). Examples: <pacátia> [pa.ˈka.ca] "throne", <túsiax> [ˈtuʒax] "they are eating", <fasa> [ˈfa.za] "staff", <rúlas> [ˈru.las] "foreign", <síma> [ˈʃi.ma] "mud".
Grammar
One can expect a language's grammar to change considerly over five to eight centuries, and Aθáta is no exception. It has innovated many features that did not exist in its parent tongue, including possessive suffixes on nouns and subject endings on verbs.
