Macro-Pabap languages
Not to be confused with Paleo-Pabappa.
The Macro-Pabap languages are regional languages descended from Gold but further apart from Pabappa and Poswa than those two are to each other. They could be considered a stem group of Pabappa. However, Proto-Macro-Pabap (PMP) was spoken merely a few generations after the split between Pabappa and Khulls, so nearly all of the shared sound changes between Pabappa and the Macro-Pabap languages, and between the various Macro-Pabap languages, are due to areal influence.
Gold (1900) to Proto-Highland Poswob (2668)
The consonant inventory was:
Bilabials: p m (ʕ) w mʷ ħʷ Alveolars: t d n s l nʷ tʷ dʷ Postalveolars: š ž y Velars: k ḳ ŋ h g gʷ ŋʷ hʷ
The vowel inventory was
Short vowels: a i u ə
Long vowels: ā ī ū
Diphthongs: ai au
əi əu
- At the end of a syllable, the pharyngeal fricative ʕ disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.
- In initial position, the labialized coronals tʷ dʷ nʷ shifted to t d n. In internal position, they decoupled to sequences. Thus they were no longer phonemic.
- The rounded bilabial approximants w ħʷ changed to spread labial approximants b f before a vowel. There are no cases in which this sound corresponds to a preservation of pre-Gold /v/; this had earlier become /d/. However, in the clusters like /tw/, the distinction between /w/ and /v/ was neutralized.
- Then l lʷ both became w (not */v/) in all positions.
- The voiced stop d shifted to l. After a nasal, it was still allophonically [d].
Thus the consonant inventory was
Rounded bilabials: mʷ w Spread bilabials: p m f b (Ø) Alveolars: t n s l Postalveolars: š ž y Velars: k ḳ ŋ h g (ʕ) Labiovelars: ŋʷ hʷ gʷ
Proto-Highland Poswob (2668) to Wimpus (3700)
Wimpus is the first state on the north slope that came to adopt an MP language; the states on the south slope and along the continental divide may or may not have retained their earlier languages. It borders Gala language territory and may be somewhat similar.
- The sequences əi əu ai au shifted to e o ē ō.
- The fricatives gʷ hʷ shifted to b f.
- The labialized nasals mʷ ŋʷ merged as m. Thus labialization was defeated. The sequence /nw/ remained.
Proto-Highland Poswob to Proto-Plains Poswob
This branch is nested within in the Wimpus branch, and like Russian soon spreads over an enormous amount of territory. However, also like Russian, it does not completely replace the previous languages because its speakers have a low population density. PPP may be later driven out by the closely related Yeisu Kasu, or its speakers may instead absorb those of Yeisu Kasu. In either case, the speakers of Plains Poswob languages are assumed to be the aboriginals of their territory by later settlers, and not distinguished from Repilians.
These languages may have adopted many of the hyper-feministic characteristics of the Repilian languages, such as requiring male speakers to use evidential morphemes when using any words belonging to any of the feminine genders. It therefore would include Neo-Sakhi, the language that the defeated Sakhi nation adopted after their women switched sides and surrendered to Repilia. This is consistent with the observation that the Repilians and the later Poswob settlers spoke languages that seemed curiously similar despite their peoples having supposedly been separated for more than 15000 years.
The sound changes here are presented separately because the language broke off fairly early.
Proto-Highland Poswob to Qoqendoq Mumba
Despite its name, the Highland Poswobs also settled the lowlands of the coast of Qoqendoq, where they met up with distantly related Macro-Thaoans and also some aboriginals.
Proto-Highland Poswob to High School Pabappa
These languages are spoken on the south slopes of Nama's mountains, but may not have fullly replaced paleo-Pabappa. It is the language spoken in the alpine religious academy (hence "high school") of Pilifala.
Gold (1900) to Proto-Soap (2412)
This is the language of a people who settled in the area that later became Blop; at the time of first settlement, the lake was dammed by glaciers and the climate was hot in summer but very cold in winter. Many Subumpamese people also moved here, and it is possible that their languages are preserved in this area after being wiped out in their original homeland in the late 2600's.
Note that the sound changes listed here might become incorrect, as they are not linked to the template at Babakiam/Sound changes.
The consonant inventory was:
Bilabials: p m (ʕ) w mʷ ħʷ Alveolars: t d n s l nʷ tʷ dʷ Postalveolars: š ž y Velars: k ḳ ŋ h g gʷ ŋʷ hʷ
The vowel inventory was
Short vowels: a i u ə
Long vowels: ā ī ū
Diphthongs: ai au
əi əu
- At the end of a syllable, the pharyngeal fricative ʕ disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.
- In initial position, the labialized coronals tʷ dʷ nʷ shifted to t d n.
The Soapies survive for at least 1300 years. Their language may be passed down to the Raspara, but the primary Raspara language was from the Meromo branch of Kava.
Neo-Repilian languages
It is possible that some Repilian tribes in the highlands of Nama converted to speaking Gold when the Naman capital territory did, and that they then lost contact when Nama declined and therefore split into various tribal languages once again. If so, these could be considered to be a branch coordinate with Highland Poswa.
Neo-Atla languages
The Deppans who invaded Atlam in 4162 spoke Babakiam and it was identical to the form spoken in Anzan. They may have had a greater survival of Late Andanese vocabulary than the mainline Swamp Kids, who may have had none at all.
Cladistically, this group also includes a second branch spoken much further north in Tata and any other places where the Swamp Kids (and perhaps Asala) built strong settlements that Baeba could not defeat.
In the year 4162, Atlam signed a pact with a group of rebels from the Empire of Anzan. The rebels then invaded Atlam and put the natives into slavery, replacing the Atla languages with Bābākiam. This, in turn, may have been replaced by Khulls or a "Naman" language from AlphaLeap.
This might be the "vuonah" language.
Bābākiam (4162) to Neo-Atla
The consonant inventory of Babakiam was
Bilabials: p m b f (v) Alveolars: t n s Palataloids: ž š (y) Velars: k ŋ
- The fricative sequences ž sž shifted to l z.
Proto-Gold to Yeisu Kasu
Note that the sound changes listed here might be incorrect, as they are not linked to the template at Babakiam/Sound changes. This language may not even exist.
- At the end of a syllable, the pharyngeal fricative ʕ disappeared and changed the previous vowel to a high tone. It also voiced the following consonant.
- Syllable-final k ḳ ŋ changed to kʷ ḳʷ ŋʷ. A few compound words in which the second element began with a vowel or a suppressed consonant split into doublets depending on whether the free (labiovelar) or bound (plain velar) version of the morpheme was generalized in the compound.
- In initial position, the labialized coronals tʷ dʷ nʷ shifted to t d n. Elsewhere, they decoupled to the sequences tu du nu.
- The bilabial approximant w changed to v (in internal reconstructions, also spelled "β") before a vowel.
- Then l lʷ both became w (not */v/) in all positions although it retained a rhotic allophone.
- NOTE ON POLITICS: Proto-Highland Poswa breaks off here.
- The labiovelar consonants kʷ ḳʷ hʷ gʷ became p ṗ f v unconditionally.
- Sequences of two vowels in which the first vowel was i or u became rising diphthongs. Then all clusters of a consonant followed by a semivowel came to be pronounced as coarticulated single consonants. Thus pua became pʷa, pia became pʲa, and so on. ñ was assimilated as nʲ.
- Stressed syllabic nasals were opened to sequences containing a schwa.
- The voiced fricative g assimilated to a neighboring glide /j/ or /w/, thus creating sequences of /jj/ and /ww/. The shift thus was gj jg gw wg > jj jj ww ww. This includes g after /ī/ and /ū/.
- The cluster dh shifted to ð.
- The voiced fricatives ð z g became silent between vowels and occasionally in initial position (due to compounding).
Yeisu Kasu (3100) to Mevumep (4100)
Spoken in Mevumep.
*FIND UPDATED VERSION OF THIS*!!!
Thus the language now had the consonants
Bilabials: p ṗ b m f β w Alveolars: t d n s z Palataloids: č ǯ ž y Velars: k ḳ ġ ŋ h g Pharyngeals: ħ ʕ
Voiced stops had an odd distribution, occuring almost entirely in word-initial position. Word-internally, the contrast was not between voiced and voiceless stops but between single and double voiceless ones. These two contrasts were not related to each other, but loans from Babakiam into CV languages often treated the single voiceless stops as voiced stops in intervocalic position.
There may have also been a marginal /š/ and /x/.
- Inherited schwa comes to be spelled ə. (A spelling change to distinguish it from IPA /e/).
- The inherited voiced spread bilabial fricative β shifted to v.
- The voiceless ejective stops ṗ ḳ became plain voiced stops b ġ between vowels or after a nasal. The voiced velar stop /ġ/ was not contrastive with the voiced velar fricative /g/, however, because they occurred in complementary environments. Therefore, in some word roots, they merged.
- Vowel sequences collapse: ài àu became ē ō, and əi əu become ī ū. Likewise, ăi ău became ĕ ŏ; there was no fourth set because all diphthongs containing schwa had been moved to the low tone during the changes of the parent language. The sequences ăa əa shift to ă.
- This relies on the idea that a short rising tone is likely to become low, and a short falling tone is likely to become high.
- Further collapse: àə ìə ùə əə shifted to ā ī ū ə̄. (Nasal?)
- The voiceless fricatives f þ s h ħ became v d z g Ø between vowels. This also removes ʕ.
- The clusters sf ss sh became the single consonants f s h. (Note the lack of */sþ/ and */sħ/ inherited from the parent language.)
- The voiced fricative g became v adjacent to a labial vowel in either direction.
- The voiced fricatives d z g became ž adjacent to a palatal vowel in either direction.
- The voiced stops d ġ became the approximants r g unconditionally (not just intervocalically).
- The voiceless stops p t č k became the voiced stops b d ǯ ġ intervocalically. This shift was ignored in compounds because the only compounds in which it could occur were those which also had a grammatical alternant form with a doubled stop, which did not undergo the shift.
- The voiceless ejective stop ṗ became p before another stop.
- The clusters pp pt ps pk changed to p t c k unconditionally. These could not occur after a breve tone.
- The voiced velar fricative g disappeared between vowels.
- The clusters mb nd ŋġ became mm nn ŋŋ.
- The voiced velar stops ǯ ġ became ž g unconditionally. /d/ was also a fricative in some environments, but this was not a phonemic contrast.
- The clusters mp nt nč ŋk became mb nd nǯ ŋg.
- The voiceless fricative s disappeared before any stop or nasal.
