Amal/affixes

These are productive affixes in Amal.

Case endings

• bi- [biʔ] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"

ib- - dative for pronouns

• -da [daʔ] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"

• -ha - [hak] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs

-ak - for some roots

• -sha [ʃaʔ] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])

• -wa [waʔ] - accusative case [ACC]; object

-u - for some roots

• -ya [ʔaj] - genitive case [GEN]; possessive

-ai - for some roots

Verbal modifiers

• -ab [ʔab] - durative aspect [DUR]

• -al [ʔal] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]

• -ash [ʔaʃ] - desiderative mood [DES]

• -eb [ʔɛb] - passive [PASS]

• -ed [ʔɛd] - causative [CAUS]

• -eg [ʔɛg] - reflexive [REFL]

• -ek [rɛk] - infinitive [INF]

• -em [ʔɛm] - interrogative [INT]

• -esh [ʔɛʃ] - past tense [PST]

• -eshb [ʔɛʃ] + [ʔɛb] - passive participles [PPP]

• -la [laʔ] - negative mood [NEG]

not used with second or third person singular

• -ra [rɛk] - infinitive [INF]

• -un [ʔun] - reportative marker [REP]

• -ur [ʔur] - tentative mood [TENT]

Nominal Modifiers

• -am [ʔam] - augmentative [AUG]

• bu- [bəʔ] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with u or a)

be- - for roots with e or i

• -en [ʃen] - feminine; female [FEM]

• gi- [gɪʔ] - tool; device; instrument

• -ik [ʔɪk] - dual plural [DU]

• -im [ʔɪm] - plural [PL]

• -in [ʔɪn] - agent noun [AG]

• -ish [ʔɪʃ] - diminutive [DIM]

• ka- [kaʔ] - animal

• mu- [muʔ] - other; else

• na- [naʔ] - collective plural [COL]

• -ul [mul] - masculine; male [MASC]

Numerical Modifiers

• em- [ʔem] - ordinal number [ORD]

• ga- [gəʔ] - multiple number [MULT]

Medial Clusters

	ba	da	ga	ha	ka	la	ma	na	pa	ra	sa	sha	ta	wa	ya
eb	-	ebda	-	ebha	-	ebla	-	-	-	ebra	ebsa	ebsha	ebta	ebwa	ebya
ed	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	edra	-	-	-	-	-
eg	-	-	-	-	-	egla	-	-	-	egra	-	-	-	egwa	-
ek	-	-	-	ekha	-	ekla	-	-	-	ekra	eksa	eksha	ekta	ekwa	-
el	-	-	-	elha	-	ella	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	elwa	elya
em	emba	emda	-	emha	-	emla	-	emna	empa	emra	emsa	emsha	emta	emwa	emya
en	-	enda	enga [ŋ]	-	enka	enla	enma	-	-	-	ensa	ensha	enta	enwa	enya [ɲ]
ep	-	-	-	-	-	epla	-	-	-	epra	epsa	-	-	-	-
er	-	-	-	erha	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	erwa	erya
es	esba	-	-	-	eska	esla	esma	esna	espa	esra	-	-	esta	eswa	-
esh	eshba	-	-	-	eshka	eshla	eshma	eshna	eshpa	eshra	-	-	eshta	eshwa	-
et	-	-	-	-	-	etla	-	-	-	etra	etsa	etsha	-	-	-

d

2 ʔeʃ ʔeb x-eshb/a past participle; "trusted" [PP] aff / adj 1 ʔij x-iy/a adjectivization (dishiya ‘foreign’) [ADJ] aff / adj 1 biʔ bi- / ib- dative; "for, to" [DAT] aff / C 1 daʔ x-da locative; "in, at, on" [LOC] aff / C 1 hak x-ha / -ak comitative; "with, by; using" [COM] aff / C 1 ʃaʔ x-sha ablative; "away from" [ABL] / abessive; "without" [ABE] aff / C 1 waʔ x-wa / -u accusative; object [ACC] aff / C 1 ʔaj x-ya / -ai genitive; "of, from" [GEN] aff / C 1 buʔ bu- / be- this; these [PROX] aff / det 1 muʔ mu- other; another aff / det 1 ʃuʔ shu- / she- that; those [DIST] aff / det 1 weʔ we- some; any [INDEF] aff / det 1 laʔ x-la negative mood [NEG] aff / M 1 ʔeb x-eb passive [PASS] aff / M 1 ʔed x-ed causitive [CAUS] aff / M 1 ʔem x-em interrogative [INT] aff / M 1 gij yi- item of clothing aff / n 1 giʔ gi- tool; device; instrument aff / n 1 kaʔ ka- animal aff / n 1 mul x-ul masculine [MASC] aff / n 1 ʃen x-en feminine [FEM] aff / n 1 ʔam x-am augmentative [AUG] aff / n 1 ʔat x-at produced by ~; item for ~ aff / n 1 ʔin x-in agent noun [AG] aff / n 1 ʔíʃ x-ish diminutive [DIM] aff / n 1 gaʔ ga- multiple number aff / num 1 ʔem em- ordinal number aff / num 1 naʔ na- collective plural [COL] aff / pl 1 ʔik x-ik dual plural [DU] aff / pl 1 ʔim x-im plural [PL] aff / pl 1 ʔab x-ab durative aspect [DUR] aff / T 1 ʔal x-al repetitive; habitual [HAB] aff / T 1 ʔeʃ x-esh past tense [PST] aff / T 1 ʔun x-un reportative marker [REP] aff / T 1 ʔur x-ur tentative mood [TENT] aff / T 1 ʔur x-ur tentative mood [TENT] aff / T 1 raʔ x-ra infinitive [INF] aff / v 1 ʔeg x-eg reflexive [REFL] aff / v 1 ʔek x-ek infinitive [INF] aff / v 1 ʔel x-el (adjective prefix) -est, most, -most aff / v 1 ʔub x-ub (comparative suffix) -er, more aff / v