Senjecas Orthographies

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ǫ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

General notes – kőino tűsos

1. In the Senjecan alphabet there are 33 graphemes, one for each of the phonemes. There are 24 consonants, six vowels (each of which can be long or short), and three weak vowels.
2. In some orthographies a diacritic is used to indicate a long vowel; in others the grapheme is doubled.
3. In some orthographies labialization and palatalization are indicated by a diacritic; in others a special grapheme is used.
4. Few languages have a voiceless labio-velar approximant, /ʍ/. In most cases, this is transliterated into Senjecas with whatever grapheme represents <w> which does not occur in Senjecas.
5. In some orthographies an aspirated consonant will be used to represent a fricative, e.g., /tʰ/ for /θ/, /pʰ/ for /ɸ/.
6. In the Senjecan alphabet order, these 33 graphemes are arranged into four groups of homorganic consonants and one group of vowels. These five groups are known as clans (űka). They are ordered according to the point of articulation with the vowels last.
   1. labial (feműka)
   2. dental (riisűka)
   3. alveolar (muitűka)
   4. palatal (vainűka)
   5. vowel (rííšenűka)
7. A column is left blank in the table for the tengwar; they may some day be available on Frathwiki.
8. A blank space indicates that a suitable grapheme has not yet been found.
9. The use of the three weak vowels <ĭ>, <ĕ> and <ŭ> is not interchangeable, so the same grapheme can be used to represent all three.

Language name abbreviations

• Lat = Latin
• Grk = Greek
• Cyr = Cyrillic
• Arm = Armenian
• Geo = Georgian
• Dev = Devanāgarī
• Gla = Glagolitic
• Run = Runic
• Tng = Tengwar
• Heb = Hebrew
• Ara = Arabic
• Tif = Tifinagh
• Kat = Katakana
• Han = Hangul
• Hir = Hiragana
• Tel = Telugu

The Labial Clan - feműka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
p	pa	p	π	п	պ	პ	प	ⱂ	ᛈ		פּ	ٮ	ⵒ	パ 11	ぱ	ㅂ	వ
b	ba	b	β	б	բ	ბ	ब	ⰱ	ᛒ		בּ 8	ب 10	ⴱ	ㄅ	バ	ㅃ	ఒ
f	fa	ɸ	ɸ	ф	ֆ	ჶ4	फ	ⱇ	ᚠ		פ	ڡ	ⴼ	ㇷ	ふ	ㅸ	ఫ
v	va	β	ϐ 1	в	վ	ვ	भ	ⰲ	ᚡ		ב	ف	ⵠ	ㇷ゛	ぶ	ㅹ	భ
m̃	m̃a	m̥	ϝ 2	ӎ 3	ւ	ჳ 5	व 6	Ⰼ 7	ᚹ		מ	م	ⵡ	ワ12	わ	ㅱ13	ప14
m	ma	m	μ	м	մ	მ	म	ⰿ	ᛗ		מּ 9	ݥ	ⵎ	マ	ま	ㅁ	మ

Notes

1. The cursive beta <ϐ> represents /β/. It does not have a descender.
2. The archaic digamma <ϝ> represents the voiceless bilabial nasal /m̥/.
3. The Kildin Sami em with tail <ӎ> represents /m̥/.
4. The grapheme <ჶ> /f/ is taken from the Laz script.
5. The grapheme <ჳ> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
6. The grapheme <व> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
7. The grapheme <> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
8. The dagesh qal, when needed, indicates a stop in the stop/fricative pairs.
9. The dagesh qal, when needed, indicates the voiced member of the approximant pair.
10. In Arabic the diacritic indicates voicing of the consonant.
11. The katakana and hiragana syllabograms from the <a> column, with a few exceptions, are used for the Senjecan consonants, as if there were a suppressed inherent vowel.
12. The katkana <ワ> /wa/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
13. The obsolete grapheme <ㅱ> is reassigned the value /m̥/.
14. The grapheme <వ> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.

The Dental Clan - riisűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
t	ta	t	τ	т	տ	ტ	त	ⱅ	ᛏ		תּ	ط	ⵜ	タ	た	ㄷ	త
d	da	d	δ	д	դ	დ	द	ⰴ	ᛞ		דּ	ظ	ⴷ	ダ	だ	ㄸ	ధ
þ	þa	θ	θ	c̨ 3	թ	თ̇	थ	ⱚ	ᚦ		ת	د	ⵝ	ㄊ9	ㄊ11	ㅌ	ద
ð	ða	ð	ϑ 1	ҙ 4	ժ 6	თ	ध	ⱚ	ᚧ		דּ	ذ	ⴸ	タ゛	タ゛	ㅿ12	ధ
ɫ	ɫa	l̥	ƛ 2	ӆ 5	ղ	ლ̇	ळ 7	ⱈ	ᛚ		ל	ل	ⵂ 8	レ 10	れ	ᄛ	ళ 13
l	la	l	λ	л	լ	ლ	ल	ⰾ	ᛛ		לּ	ڶ	ⵍ	レ゙	れ゙	ㄹ	ల

Notes

1. The Greek script theta symbol <ϑ> represents /ð/.
2. The barred lambda <ƛ> represents /l̥/.
3. The Bashkir the <ҫ> represents /θ/.
4. The Bashkir dhe <ҙ> represents /ð/.
5. The Kildin Sami <ӆ> /l̥/ represents /l̥/.
6. The grapheme <ժ> /ʒ/ is reassigned the value /ð/.
7. The grapheme <ळ> /ḷ/ is reassigned the value /l̥/.
8. The Tuareg grapheme <ⵂ > is reassigned the value /l̥/.
9. The graphemes for /θ/ and /ð/ are taken from the Taiwanese katakana <>, /tʰa/.
10. As there is no /l/ in Japanese, the kana for re is used.
11. As there are no Taiwanese hiragana, the katakana are used instead.
12. The North Korean <ㅿ> is reassigned the value /ð/.
13. The grapheme <ళ> /ḷ/ is reassigned the value /l̥/.

The Alveolar Clan - muitűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
ṡ	ṡa	ʦ	ϻ 1	ц	ծ	ც	च 5	ⱌ	ᛋ 6		צ	ک 8	ⵛ	ツ 10	つ	ㅈ	ౘ
ż	ża	ʣ	ϡ 2	ѕ 4	ձ	ძ	ज	ⰷ	ᛨ 7		צ	ݢ 9	ⴷⵣ	ヅ	づ	ㅉ	ౙ
s	sa	s	ς 3	с	ս	ს	स	ⱄ	ᛊ		ס	ص	ⵙ	サ	さ	ㅅ	స
z	za	z	ζ	з	ზ	զ	ज़	ⰸ	ᛉ		ז	ض	ⵣ	ザ	ざ	ㅆ	శ 12
r	ra	r̥	ρ	р	ռ	რ	र	ⱃ	ᚱ		ר	ر	ⵔ	ラ	ら	ㄴ	ర
n	na	n	ν	н	ն	ნ	न	ⱀ	ᚾ		נ	ں	ⵏ	ナ	な	ㅥ/ㅇ 11	న

Notes

1. The archaic san <ϻ> represents /ʦ/.
2. The archaic sampi <ϡ> is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
3. The sigma form <σ> is not used.
4. The Macedonian dze <ѕ> represents /ʣ/.
5. The sigel rune <ᛋ> /s/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
6. The Icelandic yr rune <ᛨ> /r/ is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
7. The graphemes <च> /t͡ʃ/ and <ज> /d͡ʒ/ are reassigned the values /ʦ/ and /ʣ/.
8. The grapheme keheh <ک> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
9. There are many variations of the basic Arabic graphemes to meet the phonemic needs of many languages. Simpler forms have been adopted for Senjecas, using a dot for the voiced members of a pair, when necessary.
10. As Japanese lacks a <tsa>, the syllable <ツ>, <tsu>, represents /ʦ/.
11. The joma <ㅥ> is used as the onset and <ㅇ> as the coda.
12. As Telugu lacks a /z/, the syllable <శ>, <ʃ>, represents /ʦ/.

The Palatal Clan - vainűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
k	ka	c	κ	к	կ	კ	क	ⰽ	ᚲ		כ	ک	ⴽ	カ	か	ㄱ	క
g	ga	ɟ	γ	г	գ	გ	ग	ⰳ	ᚷ		ג	ݢ	ⴳ	ガ	が	ㄲ	గ
x	xa	ç	χ	х	խ	խ̣	ख	ⱈ	ᛪ		ח	ﺣ	ⴿ	カ 6	カ	ㅋ 7	ఖ
ƣ	ƣa	ʝ	ϙ 1	ҕ 4	ք 5	ღ	घ	ⰶ	ᛩ		ק	ﺧ	ⴴ	ガ	ガ	ㅊ 8	ఘ
h	ha	ȷ̊	ⱶ 2	h	հ	ჱ	ह	ⱍ	ᚺ		ה	ه	ⵀ	ハ	は	ㅎ	హ
ȝ	ȝa	j	j 3	j	յ	ჲ	य	ⰺ	ᛃ		י	ى	ⵢ	ヤ	や	9	య

Notes

1. The archaic qoppa <ϙ> represents /ɣ/.
2. The half heta <ⱶ> represents /j̊/.
3. The Greek yot <j> represents /j/.
4. The Yakut ghe <ҕ> represents /ʝ/.
5. The Armenian <ք> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʝ/.
6. The Taiwanese /kʰ/ represents <x> and <ᵹ> in both katakana and hiragana.
7. The joma <ㅋ> /k/ is reassigned the value /x/.
8. The joma <ㅊ> /ch/ is reassigned the value /ɣ/.
9. <ȝ> does not occur as a coda and an onset can be represented by an initial iotated vowel, so there is no joma for this grapheme.

The Vowel Clan - ṡ̨úúšenűka

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
i ii 1	i pı̋ði	i i:	ι ῖ 2	и ии3	ի ի՛ 7	ი ი̄	इ ई	ⰹ ⰹⰹ	ᛁ ᛁᛁ		ב בִ	ﻱ يٰ 15	ⵉ ⵉⵉ	イ イー 22	い いー	ㅣ	ఇ, గి ఈ, గీ
e ee	e pı̋ðe	e e:	η ῆ	е ee	է է՛	ე ე̄	ए ऐ 8	ⰵ ⰵⰵ	ᛖ ᛖᛖ		אֵ אֵֽ	اِ 16 اِٰ	ⵦ ⵦⵦ	エ エー	え えー	ㅔ	ఎ, గె ఏ,గే
a aa	a pı̋ða	a a:	α ᾶ	а aa	ա ա՛	ა ა̄	अ आ	ⰰ ⰰⰰ	ᚨ ᚨᚨ		אַ אַֽ	ا ﺁ 17	ⴰ ⴰⴰ	ア アー	あ あー	ㅏ	అ, గ ఆ, గా
ǫ ǫǫ	ǫ pı̋ðǫ	ɔ ɔ:	ω ῶ	ѡ 4 ѡѡ	ո ո՛	ო ო̄	ऋ 9 ॠ	ⱉ ⱉⱉ	ᛟ 11 ᛟᛟ		אָ אׇֽ	ﻉ 18 ﻉٰ	ⵁ ⵁⵁ	ヲ 23 ヲー	を をー	ㅓ	ఐ25 ఔ26
o oo	o pı̋ðo	o o:	ο õ	o oo	օ օ՛	ჵ ჵ̄	ओ औ10	ⱁ ⱁⱁ	ᚩ ᚩᚩ		אֹ אֹֽ	وٚ 19 وٰٚ	ⵧ ⵧⵧ	オ オー	お おー	ㅗ	ఒ, గొ ఓ, గో
u uu	u pı̋ðu	u u:	υ ῦ	у уу	ու ու՛	უ უ̄	उ ऊ	ⱆ ⱆⱆ	ᚢ ᚢᚢ		אֻ אֻֽ	و وٰ	ⵓ ⵓⵓ	ウ ウー	う うー	ㅜ	ఉ, గు ఊ, గూ
ĭ	nı̋þi	ɪ	ῐ	ь	ը	ჷ	इॆ	ⱏ	ᛇ 12		אְִ	ە 20	ⴻ	ｲｰ 24	ぃｰ	ㅡ	గృ
ĕ	nı̋þe	ε	ы	ə 5	ը	ჷ	ऎ	ⱐ	ᛂ 13		אְֵ	ە	ⴻ	ｴｰ	ぇｰ	ㅐ	గృ
ŭ	nı̋þu	ʊ	ῠ	ў6	ը	ჷ	उॆ	ⱛ	ᚣ 14		אְֻ	ە	ⴻ	ｳｰ	ぅｰ	ㅡ	గృ

Notes

1. When using the Latin alphabet, vowel length is indicated by doubling the vowel.
2. When using the Greek alphabet, vowel length is indicated by a tilde (piðne̋uo) over the vowel.
3. When using the Cyrillic and the Georgian alphabets, vowel length is indicated by a macron (piðbőto) over the vowel.
4. The Cyrillic omega <ѡ> is assigned the value /ɔ/.
5. The Adyghe schwa /ə/.
6. The Belarusian short U <ў>.
7. The stress mark shesht <՛> is reassigned to indicate long vowels.
8. The grapheme <ऐ> /ai/ is reassigned the value /e:/.
9. The graphemes <ऋ> and <ॠ>, /r̩/ and /r̩ː/ respectively, are reassigned the values /ɒ/ and /ɒ:/.
10. The grapheme <औ> /au/ is reassigned the value /o:/.
11. The othala rune <ᛟ> /o/ is reassigned the value /ɒ/.
12. The eiwaz rune <ᛇ> /æ:/ is reassigned the value /ɪ/.
13. The medieval rune e <ᛂ> /e:/ is reassigned the value /ɛ/.
14. The ȳr rune <ᚣ> /y/ is reassigned the value /ʊ/.
15. When using the Arabic alphabet, vowel length is indicated by the use of the superscript alif < ٰ> (but see #17).
16. The Balochi /e/.
17. Long a <a:> is represented by alif with fatha.
18. The letter ayin is reassigned to represent /ɒ /.
19. The Sorani Kurdish letter for /o/.
20. The Uyghur letter for /ɛ,æ/
21. The grapheme <ⵂ> /h/ has been reassigned to represent /ɒ/.
22. When using the katakana and the hiragana, vowel length is indicated by the chōonpu, long vowel mark <ー>.
23. The obsolescent letter wo <ヲ, を> is reassigned to represent /ɒ/.
24. The half-width vowel mark and chōonpu <ｰ> are used to represent the weak vowels.
25. The grapheme <ఐ> /ai/ is reassigned the value /ɔ/.
26. The grapheme <ఔ> /au/ is reassigned the value /ɔ:/.

Labialization (fémšenkı̋a) and Palatalization (váinšenkı̋a)

Lat	name	IPA	Grk	Cyr	Arm	Geo	Dev	Gla	Run	Tng	Heb	Ara	Tif	Kat	Hir	Han	Tel
š		sʷ	σῠ 1	č 3		სჵ 5	सॉ 6	ⱄⱏ 8	ᛊᚥ		שו	ﺹٔ 10	ⵙⵯ 12	サゥ 14	さぅ		గ్ప
sÿ		sʲ	σῐ 2	ć 4		სჲ	सॅ 7	ⱄⱐ9	ᛊᛄ		שי	صۦ 11	ⵙⵢ 13	サャ 15	さゃ		గ్య

Notes

1. Labialization is indicated with upsilon with breve <ῠ>.
2. Palatalization is indicated with iota with breve <ῐ>.
3. By analogy with the Latin alphabet labialization is indicated with a circumflex.
4. The use of an acute accent to indicate palatalization is taken from the Montenegrin alphabet.
5. Using <ჵ> /o/ for labialization causes no problem since there is no diphthong <oV>.
6. The chand <ॉ> is reassigned to indicate labialization.
7. The chand <ॅ> is reassigned to indicate palatalization.
8. Labialization is indicated with the hard sign <ⱏ>.
9. Palatalization is indicated with the soft sign <ⱐ>.
10. Labialization is indicated with the small waw < >.
11. Palatalization is indicated with the small yeh < >.
12. Labialization is indicated with the labiovelarization mark <ⵯ>.
13. Palatalization is indicated with a superscript "yay" <ⵢ>.
14. Labialization is indicated with the small kana u <ゥ,ぅ>.
15. Palatalization is indicated with the small kana i <ャ,ゃ>.