First things
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Pronunciation table
| p | b | f | v | ɱ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | c | ᵶ | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ᵹ | h | ȝ | sü | sï | i | e | a | ɵ | o | u | ı | ɛ | y | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̊/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
1. Polite phrases
| Yes | No | Please | Thank you (very much) | No, thank you | You're welcome |
| ítu | nítu | tum sǫ̋ra1 | (me̋ᵶa) vų̋ma vų̋la:2 | nítu.3 (t-u) kétu fa̋cu (e̋sa): | vų̋ma vų̋la ne: |
- Notes:
- 1If understood from the context, the subject personal pronoun is omitted.
- 2A colon is used to mark the end of a sentence.
- 3A period is used instead of a comma.
| Excuse me. | That's all right. | I'm sorry. | What did you say? | Well-met| | Welcome| |
| süǫ̋ðome1: | no sűo e̋sa: | kı̋nos dą̋a: | e-tę̋ua2 ne: | sųmǫ̋daþu | sųgüe̋raþu |
- Notes:
- 1The imperative is formed with the suffix -e, but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in -o.
- 1The prefix e- marks the past tense.
2. Questions and requests
| Where/When is/are...? | How much is/are...? | How far is...? | What is this? | What do you want? |
| ... náru/ᵹálu e̋sa1: | ... xőto vų̋a2: | ... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa: | xo so e̋sa: | tu xom ɱe̋ca3: |
- Notes:
- 1When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix -me is omitted.
- 2There are two words for to be. e̋sa indicates a permanent condition, vų̋a a temporary one.
- 3Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
| What must I do? | Have you...? Do you sell...? | Is there...? | Have you seen...? | I would like .... | I do not want ... |
| mu xom kı̋u1 ke̋la: | tu ... fą̋rame: | ... vų̋lame: | tu ... nına̋kame2: | mu ...ɫę̋la3: | mu ... ɱe̋ca ne: |
- Notes:
- 1A verb dependent on another verb ends in -u. It is called the supine.
- 2The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is i, e, or a, the weak vowel is ı. If the verb's vowel is ɵ, o, or u, the weak vowel is y.
- 3ɫę̋la, prefer or would like, is preferable to ɱe̋ca, want.
