Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.
Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Standard PU *a_a
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o (conditioning??) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a) | ||||||||||
| "thru" | F. pahki | - | Mk. pačk | - | K. pɨšji | - | *puuš | - | Se. pooč | check Se. |
| "twig" | - | *tōrkɤ | - | Me. tor | - | - | - | *tuu₁ɣər | - | or S ← Sc. |
| "wolf" | - | - | *šŭrmə | *śör | - | - | *ćuu₁rəm | *sårmå | Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | *tōntɤr | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "birch bark" | - | - | - | - | *tooj | - | - | - | *təj | Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo |
| "to stand" | *saisë- | *čōnčō- | - | *šĭnće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuuńć- | W *ɬaańć-, E *ɬɯɯńť- |
*tänsə- | Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?) |
| *a₁_a: H. a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁ | ||||||||||
| "fish" | *kala | *kōlē | *kal | *kol | - | hal(a-) | *kuul | *kuu₁L | *kålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "bit" | *pala | *pōlē | *pal | - | - | fal-at- | *puul | *puu₁ɭ | *pålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. palak "hole". Hi. pultəš ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite". |
| "pot" | *pata | - | - | *pat | - | fazeek(a-) | *puut | *puu₁t | *patə- | Smy *a → *a between stops? |
| "to open" | - | *pōncō "naked" |
*panžə- | *pača- | K. pudž- | - | *puunš- | *puu₁ɳč- | - | |
| "young deer" | - | - | Mk. śarda | *šarðə | - | - | - | *suu₁rtə | Ne. siraj ? | Ms. *surtə ← Kh? |
| "to scoop" | *ammɜ-- | - | *amuĺa- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uu₁m- | - | |
| "salmon sp." | - | - | - | - | K. udž | - | *uuš | *uu₁ɳč | #ånčɜ | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | NS guoje | Er. kaje- | *kaja- | - | haj(-) | CMs *kuj | - | *kåjå | Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi |
| "in heat" | F. suota | *čōðē- | - | - | K. ćulal- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ |
| "to present" | - | - | *kaźə- | - | *koodźim | hason(o-) | - | - | *kåso | *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P. |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *koajvō- | *kaja- | *koe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *kajwå- | P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus. |
| "to thro" | - | - | kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "foot" | *jalka | *jōlkē | *jalgə | *jal | - | ɟalog(o-) | - | - | - | |
| "brain" | F. aivo | *vōjŋē | - | - | - | aɟ(a-) | - | - | - | Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa? |
| "to grasp" | F. tarttu- | - | - | - | - | tart- | - | - | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "to beat soft" | *vanu- | - | - | - | - | vaańol- | - | - | - | H. *wa- → vaa-? |
| "to roast" | F. paahta- | - | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | - | - | - | F. 2ndary length? |
| "hole" | - | - | - | *raž | K. roź | rees | - | - | - | P. palzn. |
| "currant" | - | - | - | *šaptər | U. suter ~ K. setɤr |
- | - | - | - | Cf. Gmc *sap ?? |
| "rotten" | - | - | - | *kaškə, *kaška- |
*kuuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | - | - | - | *paše- | *puušjɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | - | - | *jaða- | *juual- | - | - | - | - | P. ← *-uuða- ? |
| "groove" | NF *latu | - | - | *laðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rake" | *hara, *harkki |
*sōrē | *čar-kəďə- | *šar(əm) | - | - | - | - | - | not loan; Gmc ← F |
| "opposite" | *vasta | *vōstē | Mk. vasta | *waštareš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "wet" | F. nahka "leather" |
*ńōskē | Mk. načka | *načkə | - | - | - | (*ńašak) | - | Khanty "raw" may not belong |
| "to grind" | *jauha- | - | jaža- | *jaŋəže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "fishing net" | F. vata | - | - | *wat | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc? |
| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa | ||||||||||
| "to leave" | *katoda- | *kōðē- | *kadə- | *koðe- | *kooĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaćəɣ- ~ *ka/ɯɯj- |
*kåjä- | +Ma *koða- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ |
| "to steal, thief" | F. sala- | *sōl-ɤk | sala- | *šolə | - | - | *tuulmant- *tuulmak |
*ɬaaLəm- *ɬaaLmaak |
*tålä- | + EKh *ɬɯɯLəɣ "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "to carry" | *kanta- | *kōntē- | *kandə- | *kande- | - | - | *kuunt- | *kaant- | *kån- | *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"! |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | - | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaLəp | - | Cf. "fish" |
| "to open" | *ava- | - | *aŋ-kśəma | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɤɤŋkʷ- | VVj aaŋət-, W. *eeŋk- |
- | Ms. cheshirization |
| "to bark" | - | - | - | *opte- | *uut- | - | *uut- | *aapət- | - | |
| "low ground" | - | - | - | - | U. śum | - | *suujəm | *saajəm | - | *o_a possible |
| "wild; animal" | - | - | - | Hi. wojər | K. vɤj | - | *wuj | *waajəɣ | - | P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu |
| "white" | *hahka | - | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "to thro" | *vatkada- | - | *vačka- | wačkalt- ('lect?) |
- | - | - | *waaškaLt- | Ma. *a / w_ | |
| "to burst" | *pakkahta- | - | - | - | - | fakad- | - | *paakən- | - | |
| "fence" | *ajta | - | - | - | - | - | - | *aać | - | |
| "mole; beaver" | - | - | Mk. maksa- | - | - | - | - | *maaɣ | - | Weak. *ë_ə possible |
| "to sit" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *uunl/t- | *aaməs/t- | *åmtə- | *o_a possible |
| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?) | ||||||||||
| "to hit" | - | *cāŋmē- | *čavə- | *čaŋe- | - | - | *šɤɤŋkʷ- | *čååŋk- | *čåŋå- | Ms. cheshirization? |
| "to chop" | - | T *cāppē-; *cāpɤ- |
*čapə- | - | *čuupɨ- | - | - | *čååp "piece" |
- | Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also čɨp-. Kh. cf. also Ms šup "piece of wood"? |
| "to step" | - | - | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čååč- | *čåčä- | |
| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned | ||||||||||
| "hard" | - | *čārēs | - | - | *ćoorɨt | - | - | - | *sårə | |
| "crust" | *kamara | - | - | *kom | *koomɤĺ | haaml- | *käämtol | - | *kamə ! | U. also kɤm |
| "fork" | - | - | *užə | *waž | K. vož | - | - | - | *wåtå | Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular |
| "berry" | - | - | - | - | *oozɨ | - | - | *uu₂L | *ota | |
| "rump" | - | - | Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska |
- | *koosk | - | - | - | - | |
| "smell" | Võ. katsk | - | kačam(o) | - | K. kočɨs | - | - | - | - | Cf. "bitter" |
| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/) | ||||||||||
| "to go carefully" | - | *vāncē- | - | *wanče- | *vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uu₁ɳč- | *wånč- | |
| "root" | - | - | - | *waž | *vuž | - | - | - | *wånčå | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "to be born" | - | - | *šačə- | *šača- | U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- | - | *šašəɣ | W *čačəɣ | Sk. *čaačə | Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims? |
| "to stand" | - | - | - | *ša(l)ɣ | *sul- | aall- | - | - | ||
| "to shoot" | *ampu- | - | - | - | U. ɨb- | - | - | - | - | maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. *āmpō- ← F. |
| Indistinct *a_a | ||||||||||
| "to drive" | *aja- | vōjē- | aj- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u |
| "mountain" | - | *vārē | - | - | - | - | *wur | *woor | *wårå | Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə. |
| "to sink" | *vaja- | *vōjō- | vaja- | - | *vɤɤj(ɨ)- | vaaj-, vejse- |
*(w)uj- | - | - | P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u |
| "marsh" | *aro | - | - | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uu₂rə | - | Kh *aa-U → *uu₂? |
| "death" | *kalma | *kōlmē | kalma- "to bury" |
- | - | - | - | *kålm- | *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die" | |
| "word" | F. vala | *vōlē | val | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l |
| "to stick; fork" | Võ. tsank | *čōŋkō- | *śaŋgə | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "in-law" | *nato | *nōtō | - | *nuðə | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "to peel" | - | *vōtkē- | *vatka- | *wakta-, *wotke- |
- | - | - | - | Ne. waataa- | |
| "knot" | F. pahka | - | Mk. pakškä | - | - | - | - | - | *påktV | |
| "branch" | NF *sarka | *sōrkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "skin" | NF *talja | *tōljē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåəjə | Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ? |
| "behind" | *taka- | *tuokē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *takə | Smy *a → *a between stops? |
| "to rain" | *sata- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | |
| "left" | *vasen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *wåtä ? | |
| "to want" | - | - | *karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kərmå- ? | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | *čāðē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.) |
| "thru" | - | - | Mk. šačk | - | - | - | - | - | Se. sačk | Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation? |
| "aunt, older sister" | - | - | - | - | K. ob | - | *uup | *o₂pə | *åpå | |
| "rotten" | - | *cōmcē | - | Me. šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c? |
| "series" | *sarja | - | - | - | *śoor | - | - | - | - | P. palzn. (*-rj-) |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | - | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants? |
| "" | ||||||||||
Standard PU *ë
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi) | ||||||||||
| "land" | *maa | - | - | *mü, *mu | *muu | - | *mɤɤ(ɣ-) | *meɣ | - | *mëxə |
| "hair" | F. hapsi | *vōptɤ | - | *üp | - | - | *ɤɤt | E. aapət ~ W. *oopət |
*ɤptə | |
| "sore; groin" | *narma | TS ńaarme | - | - | - | - | *ńɤɤrəm | *ńaarəm | Cf. also F. näärvä, S. *nārā- ibid. | |
| "arc" | *kaari | *kōŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kɤɤŋraa | N. *xooŋkaar |
- | |
| "turnip; pine seed" | *nakris | - | - | - | - | - | *nɤɤr | *naakər | - | Suspicious |
| "cartilage" | - | *ńōrkēs | *nar | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɤɤrəɣ | *ńaarək | *ńɤr | *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"? |
| "gills" | - | *ńōkčɤm | - | *našmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɤɤkćəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ? | |
| "crane" | - | - | - | - | *tuuri | daru, -rva- | *tɤɤrəɣ | *taarəɣ | - | *tërə-ka? Cf. abov. |
| "limb" | - | - | - | - | - | loll | *lɤɤɣəl | *ɭaakəɭ | - | |
| "to split" | F. sali- | *čōlɤ- | - | - | - | sil | - | - | - | Cf. F. säle "splinter" |
| "straight; obvious" |
- | *ńōlkɤ-tɤ | - | - | - | ńil-ván | - | - | - | |
| "to live" | *ase-, *as-u- |
- | *eźə- | - | *uźɨ- | - | - | - | *ɤso- | Cf. IE *h₁es- |
| "to be afraid" | - | - | - | *lüðä- | - | - | - | - | *lɤrə- | *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this? |
| "cradle" | *lapci | - | *lafś | *lŭ/epš | - | - | - | - | *j/lɤpsə | F. "child" |
| "soup; sweet" | - | - | *jam | - | *juumal | - | - | - | - | Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma?? |
| "to clear wood" | - | *sōntɤ- | *sańďə- | *śüðä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to get wet" | - | *lōccɤ- | - | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bury" | - | - | - | *müde- | *muudɨ- | - | - | - | - | *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land" |
| "thick" | *sakeda, sakka- | *sōkɤtē | - | *šukə "much" | K. suk | - | - | - | - | *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular? |
| "stalk, axle" | - | - | E. sad | *šüðər | *zoo | - | - | - | - | P. may point to *a |
| "stiff" | *taŋkeda | - | Mk. taŋgəda | - | - | - | - | - | - | NW+IS toaŋgi?? |
| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u? | ||||||||||
| "to drink" | *joo- | *jūkɤ- | - | *jüä- | *juu- | iv- | *äj- | *ɤ- | cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-? | |
| "minor river" | *jo/õki | *jokɤ | Er. jov | - | *juu | joo | *jɤɤ | *jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ |
- | *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id." |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jååkəɳ | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| "swan" | *jo/?uccen | *ńūkčɤ | *lokś-- | *jükšə | *juuś(k-) | - | - | - | *jä¹ŋkɜ | *jëxćə-? Initials messy |
| "loon" | - | *toktɤ-kɤ | - | *toktə | K. toktɨ | - | *tɤɤɣ/kt | *taaktəŋ | - | Tv. → tʌt-kaa |
| "to reach; to spawn" | - | *joksɤ- | - | - | - | (v)iiv- | - | - | - | F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without |
| "bent" | - | - | Mk. nokəl(a) | - | *ńuuk | - | - | - | - | |
| Similar except Mari *a/*o | ||||||||||
| "father-in-law" | NF *appi | *vōppɤ | - | *owə | - | apa, ipa | S. ap ~ N. up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "to chop" | - | *lōkčɤ- | *lakśə- | *lokšə-nća- | U. lusjɨ- ~ K. lɤɤsjɨ- |
- | - | - | - | U. ← K? |
| "light" | *valkeda, *vale- | *vēlkɤtē | *valdə | *walɣəðə | - | vilaag | - | - | - | Ma. *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ? |
| *ëRə: similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ (std. PU *ëx_i) | ||||||||||
| "vein" | *sooni | *sōnɤ | san | *śün | *sɤn | iin(a-) | *tɤɤn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | |
| "arrow" | *nooli | *ńōlɤ | nal | *nölə | U. ńil ~ K. ńɨl | ńiil(a-) | *ńɤɤl | *ńaaL | *ńɤj | |
| "fish skin" | *soomu | *čōmɤ | śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɤɤm | *saam | - | Ne. śaam < PS *kamə |
| "bird cherry" | *toomi | *θōmɤ | Er. ľom ~ Mk. lajm |
*lom | *ľɤm | - | *ľɤɤm | *jååm | *jɤm | |
| "year" | *vooci | - | - | - | *wåå | -vaľ | - | *aaL | *ɤrö "autumn" |
S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ? |
| "wet place" | *noori | *ńōrɤ | nar | *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" |
*ńuur *ńɤr "sprout" |
ńirok | *ńɤɤr | - | *ńɤr | F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc. |
| "duck" | - | SS sjotsjo? | - | - | *čɤž | - | *šɤɤš | *čaač | - | Er. šenže better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B. |
| "mitten" | - | - | - | *piž | *pɤź | - | *pɤɤsɣə | *paas | - | |
| "stale (bread)" | *kalteda | - | - | - | *kɤldi | - | - | - | - | |
| "to produce" | - | *čōltē- | - | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | *ćëlə-ta-. F. suolta- rather ← *sooli |
| IE loans: West *a_a, H. aa, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa | ||||||||||
| "100" | *sata | *čōtē | *śadə | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz(a-) | *šɤɤt | *saat | - | ← II *śata; separately in P. ? |
| "tree stump" | *kanto | *kōntōj | *kandə | - | (K. gɨd) | - | *kɤɤnt | *kaant | - | ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong. |
| "calf" | *vasa | *vōsē | *vaz | - | - | (üsöö) | *wɤɤsəɣ | - | - | ← II |
| "pole" | NF *salko | *čōlkōj | *śalgə | - | *śuul | saal(fa) | *sɤɤɣlaa | *saakəL | - | ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later. |
| "mushroom" | - | - | *paŋgə | *poŋgə | - | - | *pɤɤŋk | *paaŋk | *pɤŋkå- | ← IE; Skr. paŋka "swamp" / L. fungus ~ G. spongos. Smy. "be intoxicated" |
| "to climb" | *kangerta- | *kōŋkɤrtē- | - | - | - | haag- | *kɤɤŋk- | *kååŋk- | - | ← PIE *gʰengʰ- |
| "grass" | *tarna | - | - | - | *tuurɨm | - | - | - | - | ← II *trna |
| "streak" | *jooni | *jōnɤ | jan | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. jana! |
| "to pay" | *maksa- | - | *maksə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē- |
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a/*ɤɤ, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɨ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!) | ||||||||||
| "down" | *ala- | *vōlē- | alə | *ül | *uul | al- | *jal- | *ɯɯL | *ɨlə | Ma. from *ël-i?? Ms. per original open syllable? |
| "to put" | *akta- | *vōktē- | *aftə- | *opte- | K. oktɨ- | - | - | *ɯɯkət | *ɨtå- | |
| "to divide" | *jaka- | *jōkē- | *javə- | - | *juuk | - | E *jaɣtit | *jɯɯkəL "fork" |
*jəkə- | Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also *jaaɣərt "split" |
| "lowland" | *lanci | - | *lanďa- | Hi. landaka | *luud | - | - | - | Ng. lɨntə | excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy *ləmto "low" |
| "to leave" | *valka-(ma) | *vōlkē- | *valgə- | *wale- | - | vaal- | *wɤɤɣəl- | *wɯɯkəL-, *waakəL- |
- | Ma. *a / w_ |
| "sembra" | - | - | - | - | *suus | - | *tɤɤt | *ɬɯɯkəL | *tɨtə(k) | |
| "liver" | *maksa | *mōksē | *maksə | *mokš | *muusk | maaj(a-) | *mɤɤj(ə)t | *muu₁kəL | *mɨtə | Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? |
| "way" | *matka | *muotkē | - | - | - | - | - | *muu₁kət | *mɨtɜ | StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? |
| "wet sno" | - | *vōnčē | - | - | - | - | - | *uu₁(n)ć-kəL | - | *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. wɯɯťkəl! |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | *vōnēm | - | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɨnəpə | ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV? |
| "rested" | - | *vōŋēs | - | *üŋəšə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a | ||||||||||
| "to stretch" | - | NS ńuoddzi- | - | *ńuuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | Argues against Ms. delabzn | |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | - | - | - | falu (-lva-) | *pɤɤwəl | *puu₁kəL | - | Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial? |
| "to giv" | *anta- | *vōmtē- | *andə- | - | *uud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | *šuupal- | apa-- | - | - | - | *o_a also possible |
| "to take off; to be able" | *jaksa- | - | *jukśə- | - | *juuskɨ- | - | - | - | - | *o_a also possible. *ś / *s?? |
| "bitter" | *karvas | - | - | - | *kuurɨd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | |
| "handle" | *vanka | - | - | - | *vuug | - | - | - | - | |
| "hoop" | *vanneh | - | - | - | *vuudž | - | - | - | - | Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76) |
| "tassel" | - | *tōŋkē | - | - | *tuug | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | - | NS guoccot | - | - | U. kušɨ | - | - | - | - | No other words! Could even be *a₁_a |
| "to bring" | - | *pōktē- | - | *pokte- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to reach" | - | - | Er. saźu- | - | *suudź- | - | - | - | - | *a_ə also possible |
| "stiff; to freeze" | - | - | Er. tarďe | - | K. tur- | - | - | - | ||
| "elm" | - | - | - | *nolɣə | U. ńulo | - | - | - | - | |
| "stallion" | - | - | - | *ožə | *uuž | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
All the rest
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More IE loans | ||||||||||
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | *šoor | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | ← II *sáras; separately in P, H? | |
| "value" | *arvo | - | - | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong |
| "lord" | - | - | *azər | - | *oozɨr | - | *aatər; N. uutər? |
- | - | Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs |
| "good" | *paras | *pōrē | *parə | *pooro | *buur | - | - | - | - | Ma. also *paarema- "to recover" |
| "shelter" | *sooja | *sōjē | - | *šaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. *scāja |
| "to press" | *pajna- | *pōńō- "to dip" |
*pańə- "to drive" |
- | *pååń- | - | - | - | - | *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. paŋdə- rejectable |
| "sister" | - | Mk. sazor | *šŭžar | *soozər | F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B. | |||||
| "gold, copper" | - | - | - | - | - | arań | *tarəń | *ɬoorńə | - | ← Ir. *zarna |
| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals!) | ||||||||||
| "hard" | - | - | - | - | K. nadź | naɟ | - | - | - | |
| "back; belly" | - | - | - | - | U. gač | has | - | - | - | Dubious semantics |
| "to tred" | F. talla- | - | - | - | K. taľ- | - | - | - | - | Loan F → K? |
| "to hit" | - | *čōppē- | *ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɨ- | čap- | *čopam? | - | - | Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop" |
| "to fall" | - | *vōčē- | - | *waza- | U. vaź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to look" | - | - | - | *anće- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | ~ Fi. ais-ti?! |
| "to take out" | - | - | - | *tara- | K. taral- | - | taar | - | - | Ma. "far", H. "open" |
| "to unravel" | - | *rūč- | - | *ranće- | K. radź- | ronɟ "rag" |
- | VVj rać-- | - | Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci- |
| "to stomp" | *tappa- | - | *tapa- | - | *tap- | top- | - | - | *təpər- | F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa- |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | *ka(d)ź | - | - | *koćəp | - | |
| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa | ||||||||||
| "to tell" | *sarna- | - | - | - | K. śorńi- | - | - | S. sarnaaɣ- | - | *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F. |
| "to hang" | F. takertu- | - | - | - | - | - | V taɣraaɣtə- ~ W *taɣərLə- |
Se. tokua- ? | ||
| "to climb ~ to float" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Vj kaɣaaɣəl- ~ W *xoowL- |
- | *-p- ~ *-w-? |
| "soul; stillborn" | - | - | *pača | - | - | - | - | *pačaak | - | |
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | maart- | *muur(s)- | *maraa- | - | |
| "willow sp." | - | - | - | - | - | malaat | - | *maɣLaaj | - | |
| "area" | - | - | - | - | - | taaj | - | *taɣaaj | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?) | ||||||||||
| "understanding" | - | - | Er. važov | - | K. vežɤr | - | *aš | *oč | - | |
| "to (let) go" | laske- | *lōštē- | *laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | CMs *loośke- ? | *lååskə- | - | *-ə / *-a? |
| "membrane" | *kalvo | *kālɤ ? | - | - | *kiľ | haaľog | *kaľəp | *kaĽ-- | - | Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-? |
| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ? | ||||||||||
| "2" | *kakci | *kōktē | *kaftə | *kok | *kɨk | (keet) | (*kit) | (*kiit, käät) | (*ketä) | EU *kettä |
| "ax" | *tahko | - | - | *toš | *tɨš(k-) | - | - | - | - | F. "grindstone" |
| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ) | ||||||||||
| "to freeze" | *palëlë- | *pōlɤš | *palə- | - | - | faɟ | *paaľ- | *poojət- | Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?) | |
| "dam, wall" | NF *pato | *pōðō | - | *pat "net" |
- | fal | - | *paL | - | West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek |
| "sour" | *happami | - | *čapamə; *čapaks "dough" |
*šabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɤɤɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!) | ||||||||||
| "to put" | *pane- | - | *pańə- | *pańəža- | *pɤn- | - | *pɯn- | *pan- | *pɨn- | close to *ë_ə |
| "bitter, to smell" | - | *kōccɤk | *kačadə- | *kačə | U. kɤš | - | *kɤɤšɣə | *kɯɯč(ɯɯ) | *kɤčə- | *këččə-; F. katkera better ~ kitkerä. |
| "to bite" | - | *kāckē- | - | *kačka- | K. gɤčkɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "across" | - | - | - | *kač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| under other vowels | ||||||||||
| "rung; pole" | - | - | - | - | - | zaap | *šaapla | - | - | *o_a? Ms. *šäp "pole" ← K |
| "piece" | F. sukku | - | - | - | - | sak | - | *sak | - | *u_ə?? |
| "ski" | - | *čōjkɤ | - | - | - | - | *taj- | - | *tåj(-kə) | S. ← IE, others *o_ə? |
| "to breik" | *kacket- | - | - | *kŭčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | Better *o_i |
| "shit" | *paska | *pɤškɤ | *pəśkiźə- | *pŭškeda- | - | fos | *paaś | *poś | - | *ô? S. → F? |
| East only | ||||||||||
| "head" | - | - | - | - | - | - | WE *ɤɤwt | *ååɣ- : uuɣə- |
*u(ə)kə | NMs aawa, NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms? |
| "endonym" | - | - | - | - | - | maɟar | - | *maańć | - | cf. megyer ~ *määńći |
| "tale" | - | - | - | - | - | meše | - | *maańć- | - | |
| "to hurry" | - | - | - | - | - | sorog- | #surəkt | *saarək | ||
| "eight" | - | - | - | - | - | ńolc | *ńalaa | *ńɯɯLəɣ | - | *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT |
| "long-tailed duck" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤŋkə | *ɯɯŋk | - | Sami *hɤŋŋā prob substratal; NSmy *åt³ŋo unrelated |
| "horn; edge" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤńt | W *aaŋət | *amtə, *aŋtə | |
| "surface" | - | - | - | - | - | raa, -rA | *raaŋk(aa) | - | - | |
| to be sorted | ||||||||||
| "flat" | *lappe- | (*lāppɤ) | Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš |
Hi. lap ~ Me. lap |
*lååp | lap | - | *ɭapsək | - | *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW) |
| "this" | *ta | - | - | Hi. ta ~ Me. ta |
K. *too | - | - | *taa-- | *tə | or F./Ma. from B. *ta |
| "staff" | *sauva | *čāvŋē | - | - | - | - | N. su(u)w | *söɣ | - | Kh → Ms? |
| "ice crust" | - | *čōkē | - | - | - | zaj | *såj | *ćooɣ | - | Consonants bad |
| "berry" | *marja | *mōrjē | *maŕ | *mör | - | - | *maar- | *muur- ? | - | |
| "to darken; to hide" | - | - | - | *söste- | K. saśtɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "instrument" | - | - | Mk. kaŕźi | *kerəš | U. kɨre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "tame" | - | *vōń-ɤs | - | - | - | - | - | *aańɯɯ | *ɨńə | indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS vuotnjie ← *vōńē |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | *kājō- | - | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | ||
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | - | - | - | *sɤɤl | *saL- | *sålə | |
| "to dig" | - | - | *kara- | *kare- | K. kɨr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɨr- in general "to wash" |
| "pale" | - | - | - | *šapə- | - | šaapad- | - | - | - | |
| "dry place" | *kaŋka- | - | - | *kaŋga | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "sleigh" | *ahk- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ååɣəL | Ne. ŋuutuuʔ | Cf. Sw. ackja? |
| "valley" | *lakso | leakšɤ | - | Hi. laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "dear" | FiKrl rakas | - | - | - | - | rokon | *raaw- | *raɣ-- | - | Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close" |
| "to tear" | - | - | - | - | *oor- | aar(t)- | *aart- | *aarə- | - | |
| "to bend" | *tai- | *toajē- | - | - | K. tuj- | - | *täj- | *tɯɯj- | *tVj- ? | *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy. |
| "pond" | F. lampi | *lōmpɤl | - | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɨmpå | |
| "older brother's wife" | *vōńē | *ańa | - | K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe | aanɟ, ańa | *aańi | *ańəkɯɯ | #Vńä | Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law" | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | *lōpē | - | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *ləpä | Cf. "flat" |
| "crane" | *kurki | *kōrkɤ | *kargə | - | - | - | - | - | *kərö | |
| "resin" | F. kata | NS kaččē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. *kássé ← Gmc. |
| "snot" | *natta | IS ńetti | - | - | - | - | - | #nəåtə | maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV?? | |
| "to shame" | - | Mo. viźďe | *wažəla- | U. vodźɨt- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "berry" | - | - | - | *moodə | - | - | - | - | Ka. modo | or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V |
| "many; big" | - | - | - | - | *uuna | - | - | *onə | Ng. Aniʔe | *u? |
| "bed, platform" | - | - | - | - | U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) |
- | - | *čuuč | - | |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *pačke- | K. pɨškɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to dig" | - | - | - | - | K. kundɨ- | haań- | *kuun- | *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- |
- | *a₂, Kh. umlaut? |
| "bag" | - | - | - | - | #kuuda | - | *kuunt | *kɯɯnt | - | (F. kontti) |
| "basket" | - | - | - | *kŭrəkš | U. kor | - | *kuurəɣ | *kɯɯr(əɣ) | *kor-- | *u-ish? |
| "block; dugout" | - | - | - | - | U. kɨpɨ | - | *kɤɤp | N. *kaap | - | *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ? |
| "milk; sap" | *majto | - | - | - | U. mɤľ | - | - | - | - | |
| "even; beautiful" | - | N muoissa- | *mazə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rotten" | *mahe- | - | *makšə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "edge" | *mala- | *mōlōs | *malas | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B |
| "clear weather" | - | *mōńē | *mańəŋ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to crawl; bridge" | *mata- | - | Er. madamo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to disappear, fail" | - | - | Er. joma- ~ Mk. juma-' |
*jama- | - | - | - | - | *jat³ma- / *jaŋkə- |
S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3) |
| "to cool, cold" | - | SS joasko- | *jakšamə | *jükše-, *jüštə |
- | - | - | - | - | Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS juoskos "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?) |
| "split" | Fi. rahko | - | *raškə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "lattice, grid" | - | - | - | - | K. radź | raač ~ reeč |
- | - | - | |
| "hole" | - | - | - | *(ə)raž | K. *rooź | reeš, reš | - | - | - | better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?! |
| "ship; pot" | *hakci | - | *Čakš | - | - | - | - | - | - | semantics bad |
| "shape" | *haamV | (Lu. sjibmō) | *Čama | - | - | - | - | - | - | maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever) |
| "back of knife" | *hamara | *šëmērē | *Čov | - | - | - | - | - | - | likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc." |
| "" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Rejectable
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches | ||||||||||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | - | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry" |
| "woven band" | *vakla | *vōvlē | - | - | - | - | *waaɣlap | - | - | F & S. ← Gmc. |
| "bay" | *lakci | *lōktɤ | - | - | - | - | *laak | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic |
| "birch bark" | *tana | - | - | - | - | - | N. toont | *to₂ntəɣ | - | F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo |
| "sturgeon" | *sampi | - | - | - | - | - | *šupəɣ | - | - | Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole' |
| "much" | *paljo | - | - | Hi. pülä | - | - | *paal | - | *påj | F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə |
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | - | - | - | U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "to stop" | *taukot- | *tōvkō- | - | - | *duugdɨ- | - | - | - | - | F. & S. ← Gmc. |
| "far, long" | *kauka(lo) | *kukkē | *kuvaka | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ | - | F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka |
| "to look" | *katso- | *keaččɤ- | - | - | K. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan- |
| "lot" | *arpa | *vōrpē | - | - | - | orvo | - | - | - | F. & S. ← Gmc *arba |
| "flat" | *latta-- | - | - | Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. lapte |
- | - | - | *ɬaaptək | *ləptå | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "board" | *lauta | *lōvtē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *låtå | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "woods" | - | E *mōjðē | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. mačče | Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a | |
| "to throw" | *heittä- | W *sāddē- | - | - | K šɤt- | - | - | - | - | F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda- |
| "coarse" | *karkeda | - | - | - | *gɨreś | - | - | - | - | S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz. |
| "asp" | *haapa | *sūpē | - | *šapke | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?! |
| "branch" | *hanka | - | - | - | - | aag | *tɤɤɣ | *ɬaɣɯɯ | - | F. ← Gmc. Cf. honka here? |
| "to be able" | *mahta- | - | *maštə- | *mɤšte- | - | - | *mučt- | *mač(t)ə- | - | OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz |
| "river; mud" | - | - | *rav(ə) "Volga" | - | - | - | - | *roɣə | - | Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba) |
| "dead; dry (of cow)" | *mardas | - | - | - | *muur | - | - | - | - | F. ← II |
| "old" | *vanha | - | - | - | #vooɜž | - | - | - | - | P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE) |
| "stiff" | *tankeda | - | Mk. taŋgəda | *tü̆ŋe- | - | - | - | - | - | Also S toaŋkē (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic |
| "cheap" | *halpa | - | - | *šulðɤ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *salwa ? |
| "to gro" | *kasva- | - | *kasə- | *kuška- | - | - | - | - | - | F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present" |
| "metal" | *vaski | veaškē | *uśkɜ | *waž | U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś | vaš | *wüš | *waɣ | *wasa | Messy Wanderwort |
| "shaft" | *varci | - | - | *wu/ŭrðə | - | - | - | - | - | ← B? |
| "joint; twin; center" | *jama | *jōmēč | Er. jav | - | - | - | - | - | - | better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka- |
| "to stretch; to spread" | - | *rāččë- | *raćakadə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | better S ← Sc *braidja- |
| "woman" | √naa- | - | - | - | - | naas | *näji | *nääj ? | - | F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə |
| Too sparse & irregular | ||||||||||
| "skis" | - | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to fall apart" | - | - | - | - | K. gɨlal- | - | N kuulat- | W *kooɭ-- | - | probably loans in OUg. |
| "to graze" | - | *kōtō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kətå- | |
| "fishing gear" | - | - | - | mača ? | - | - | - | - | Se. maaše- | |
| "stomach" | *vacca | - | - | - | - | - | N. waś | - | - | Weak (suggests PMs *wäć). Fi. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad |
| "to go" | - | - | *jaka- | - | - | iktat- | - | - | - | |
| "pine forest" | - | - | - | - | *jag | - | - | *jaaɣəm | - | Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine' |
| "to write" | - | - | - | - | - | iir(o)- | - | *jee₁rii- | - | |
| Messy crap | ||||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | *vōlkē- | - | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "armpit" | *kainalɜ | kājŋēl | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kuun | hoon | *kalna | *konəŋ | #kali ? (En. seeri) | Veps kaimal |
| "nits" | Fi. saivar; Es. saere |
čīvrōs | *śarkə | *šarkeń(ć)e | *śerel | - | N. seeri ? | E. sɯr ? | Ka. šurijar ? | might be two items? |
| "gull" | *kajaka | kājēkē | - | - | K. gaďa | - | *kajik | - | Ne. ho | Substrate word? Cf. "beaver" |
| "crow" | *vari/eks | *vōrččē | *varś/ćəŋ | - | - | varjuu : varja- |
N. uurin | W *warŋaaj, E *wuurŋɯɯ |
*wårä | Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh? |
| "painted" | - | - | - | Me. pač | U. pužɨ | - | - | - | *påtå | |
| "fly" | *kärpänen | - | *karvə | Me. karme | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "vessel" | F. saima | - | *śuma, Er. śima |
- | U. śumɨk | - | - | *sooma ? | Sk. somma ? | Semantics all over the place. |
