User:Masako/sandbox
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noun phrases
The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB RELATIVE-CLAUSE. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions
ukum
| Kala | number | English | ordinal | multiple | fractional |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na'o | 1 | one | kina'o first |
tina'o once |
- |
| ueta'o | 12 | twelve | kiueta'o twelfth |
tiueta'o twelve times |
iueta'o a twelfth |
| yauema'o yama'o |
54 | fifty four | kiyama'o fifty fourth |
tiyama'o 54 times |
iyama'o a fifty fourth |
| nyetsa'o | 106 | one hundred (and) six | kinyetsa'o 106th |
tinyetsa'o 106 times |
inyetsa'o a 106th |
| katle'o | 7000 | seven thousand | kikatle'o seven thousandth |
tikatle'o 7000 times |
ikatle'o 1/7000 |
armada
| name | insignia | promotion requirements |
notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amiral |  |
appointed by the Comite de Amirales from eligible Brigadores | referred to as Jeneral when in command of land forces |
| Brigador |  |
appointed by the Comite de Amirales from eligible Capitanes | - |
| Capitan |  |
14~16 years of service | - |
| Comandor |  |
8 years of service | sometimes referred to as Teninte Xef (Chief Lieutenant) |
| Teninte |  |
4 years of service | sometimes referred to as Sucomander (Lieutenant Commander) |
| Suteninte |  |
upon graduation of 2 years of training or 4 years in an academy | - |
genitive
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | nai | kai |
| 2 | tiya | tai |
| 3 | ai | mai |
Basic Hangul
Han Moya is an adaptation of Hangul for writing Kala. It is written horizontally, in lines running from left to right. It can also be written vertically in columns.
| Consonant | Hangul | IPA | Vowel | Hangul | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | ㅂ | /p~b/ | a | ㅏ | /a~a:/ |
| t | ㄷ | /t~d/ | e | ㅓ | /e~ɛ/ |
| k | ㄱ | /k~g/ | i | ㅣ | /i~ɪ/ |
| m | ㅁ | /m/ | o | ㅗ | /o~o:/ |
| n | ㄴ | /n/ | u | ㅡ | /u~u:/ |
| s | ㅅ | /s~ʃ/ | ua | ㅜ | /wa~ʷa:/ |
| h | ㅎ | /h~ɦ/ | ue | ㅠ | /we~ʷe:/ |
| ts | ㅈ | /ts~t͡ʃ/ | ya | ㅑ | /ja~ʲa:/ |
| tl | ㅌ | /t͡ɬ~tl/ | ye | ㅕ | /je~ʲɛ/ |
| l | ㄹ | /l~ɾ/ | yo | ㅛ | /jo~ʲo:/ |
| - | ㅇ | /-/ |
Other letters
| Consonant | Hangul | IPA | Vowel | Hangul | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mp | ㅃ | /ᵐp~ᵐb/ | ai | ㅐ | /aɪ̯/ |
| nt | ㄸ | /ⁿt~ⁿd/ | ao | ㅘ / ᅺ* | /aʊ̯/ |
| nk | ㄲ | /ᵑk~ⁿg/ | uai | ㅟ | /waɪ̯~ʷaɪ̯/ |
| p’ | ㅍ | /pʰ/ | yao | ᅸ | /jaʊ̯~ʲaʊ̯/ |
| k’ | ㅋ | /kʰ/ | - | - | - |
| ts | ㅊ | /tsʰ~t͡ʃʰ/ | - | - | - |
| ns | ㅆ | /ⁿs~ⁿʃ/ | - | - | - |
| nts | ㅉ | /ⁿts~ⁿt͡ʃ/ | - | - | - |
- This is pronounced /we/ in Korean because of the order of the vowels; however, because obsolete jamo are difficult to type and look junky as images, in Kala, this is used for /aʊ̯/ when typing. It is rarely seen due to the diphthong itself being uncommon.
The adaptations of doubled consonants are used word initially to indicate prenasalization. Medial occurrences of nasalized syllables are written across syllables.
tense
| present | past | future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simple | -e | -i | -o |
| perfect | -le | -li | -lo |
| obligatory | -se | -so | |
| immediate | -ib | ||
| possible | -go |
evidentiality
| Example | Translation | Evidential |
|---|---|---|
| hi·dawʔaƛwa·d | "I hear he found it" | -wa·t, hearsay |
| pu·pu·q̓adʔi | "he's blowing a whistle" | -q̓adi, auditory |
| č̓apaccaqil | "It looks like a canoe" | -caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance |
| haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic | "I see you ate" | -pi·t, inference from physical evidence |
| dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š | "He's probably singing" | -x̌a·-š, inferred probability |
nkalu
| Agent | Patient | Reflexive | Possessive | Reciprocal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | na I |
ena me |
na'i myself |
nayo my; mine |
|
| 2sg | ta you (thou) |
eta you |
ta'i yourself |
tayo your(s) |
|
| 3sg | ha he/she |
eha him/her |
ha'i himself/herself |
hayo his/her(s) |
|
| 4sg | tla it/one |
etla it |
tla'i itself/oneself |
tlayo its/one's |
|
| 1pl 1pl EXCL |
nam we na'am we (not you) |
enam ena'am |
nami na'ami |
namyo na'amyo |
nanku na'anku |
| 2pl | tam | etam | tami | tamyo | tanku |
| 3pl | kam | ekam | kami | kamyo | kanku |
| 4pl | tlam | etlam | tlami | tlamyo | tlanku |
