Paleo-European languages
Old European, or Paleo-European, is a designation for the (mostly unknown) languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the Indo-European family which dominates the continent today. In this sense, Basque and the Caucasian languages are Old European languages (however, the languages spoken today are certainly not identical with the languages that were spoken before the spread of Indo-European - they certainly changed a lot over time). The term Old European, however, is often used more narrowly with reference to the unknown languages of the first Neolithic farmers in central Europe and the Balkan peninsula, who appear to have immigrated from the east around the year 6000 BC.
Traces of lost Old European languages
The prehistoric Old European languages are not attested in writing (but see Old European script for a set of undeciphered signs that were used in the Vinča culture, which may or may not have been a writing system, but are at any rate undeciphered). The only access to them we have are place names and especially river names that are found all over central and western Europe, and possibly loanwords in the Indo-European languages now spoken there. The area across which these Old European river names occur largely coincides with the area where material remains of the central European Neolithic (the so-called Linear Pottery culture) and its daughter cultures have been found. The area of the Linear Pottery culture appears to coincide with the "core area" of the Old European Hydronymy where this network is densest. However, such identifications of language families with archaeological cultures are always problematic as language and material culture often do not go together.
Theories about Old European languages
There are many theories about these languages. The German linguist Theo Vennemann assumes that most languages of Neolithic Europe were related to Basque, and claims to have found evidence for this in the Old European hydronymy. Most of his colleagues, however, remain unconvinced. Jörg Rhiemeier speculates that some of them - those reflected in the Old European hydronymy - belonged to a language family ("Aquan") related to the Indo-European languages. Some scholars, such as Octavià Alexandre, assume that most Old European languages belong to a phylum called Vasco-Caucasian, a hypothesis that has not yet convinced most linguists, however.
It appears as if the Mediterranean region was home to a substantial number of language families - four have survived unto today, and there is evidence for several others still existing in ancient times - while the area north of the Alps seems to have been dominated by a single large family, according to the evidence of the Old European hydronymy, in Late Neolithic times. This complies well with the results of archaeological research on the spread of Neolithic agriculture in Europe: it is widely assumed that in the south, the spread was cultural, i.e. the Mesolithic people adopted farming from neighbours already practicing it, while in the north, it was demic, i.e. by farmers moving in from the east, displacing or assimilating the Mesolithic peoples. Under this model, the Mediterranean Mesolithic linguistic landscape would have changed little but for the spread of Wanderwörter (migratory words) for agricultural concepts, while north of the Alps, the migrating farmers would have established a single new family, preserving from the Mesolithic languages only a few words pertaining to local wildlife and perhaps hunting techniques (though some Mesolithic languages may have survived for some time in residual zones). This is exactly what can be assumed on the grounds of the linguistic evidence.
If anything can be said about the lost Old European languages on the basis of what we find in the attested ones - Basque, the Caucasian languages and Etruscan -, we can say that the Old European were synthetic languages with rich inflectional morphology and diverse morphosyntactic alignments (Basque and most Caucasian languages are ergative, Georgian split between accusative and active/stative, Etruscan is accusative). The Caucasian languages have very rich phoneme inventories and seem to always have had, but Basque and Etruscan have more moderate phoneme inventories, perhaps reflecting an old east-west cline.
Attested Old European languages
Living
Extinct but fairly richly attested
- Etruscan - possibly not native to Italy but immigrated from the Aegean region in the Late Bronze Age
Fragmentarily attested
- Aquitanian, a close relative of Basque
- Iberian does not show clear affinity to Basque; language is not understood yet
- Tartessian if this is not a Celtic language; language is not understood yet
- Raetic and Lemnian, apparently related to Etruscan
- Vinča language; script - if it is a script at all - undeciphered
- Minoan; script only partially deciphered
- Eteocretan may be a descendant of Minoan, but this is uncertain; language is not understood yet
- Cypro-Minoan; script is not yet deciphered
- Eteocypriot may be a descendant of Cypro-Minoan; language is not understood yet
Hypothetical Old European languages
- Aquan languages, posited based on the Old European hydronymy; according to Rhiemeier, spoken widely across western Europe and related to Indo-European
- Atlantic languages; according to Vennemann, related to Semitic and spoken in the British Isles
- Vasco-Caucasian languages; hypothetical family including Basque, Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian and various extinct languages of Europe; according to Octavià Alexandre, widely spoken in Europe and responsible for substratum loanwords in Indo-European languages; not to be confused with Vasconic
- Vasconic languages, hypothetical relatives of Basque; according to Vennemann, spoken widely across western Europe; not to be confused with Vasco-Caucasian
Old European conlangs
Naturally, this lost world has inspired some conlangers to come up with fictional re-creations of these languages. There are several conlangs which represent Old European languages. Some of these are:
- Alpic by Taylor Selseth
- Eteonoric by various members of the League of Lost Languages
- Hairo by Christian Thalmann
- Hesperic by Jörg Rhiemeier
- Albic
- Alpianic by various members of the League of Lost Languages
- various others, see here
See also League of Lost Languages.
