First things
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| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p /p/
b /b/ |
t /t/
d /d/ |
c /ʦ/
ƶ /ʣ/ |
k /c~k/
g /ɟ~g/ |
| Spirants | f /ɸ/
v /β/ |
þ /θ/
ð /ð/ |
s /s/
z /z/ |
x /ç~x/
ᵹ /ç~ʝ |
| Sonorants | ɱ /m̥/
m /m/ |
ł /l̥/
l /l/ |
r /ɾ̥/
n /n/ |
h /ȷ̊/
ȝ /j/ |
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |||
| Near-close | ı /ɪ/ | y /ʊ/ | |||
| Mid | ɘ /ə/ | ||||
| Close-mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |||
| Open | a /a/ | ɔ /ɑ/ |
1. Polite phrases
| Yes | No | Please | Thank you (very much) | No, thank you | You're welcome |
| ítu | nítu | tum sǫ̋ra1 | (me̋ƶa) vų̋ma vų̋la:2 | nítu.3 (t-u) kétu fa̋cu (e̋sa): | vų̋ma vų̋la ne: |
|---|
| ítu | n-ítu | t-um sǫ̋r-a | (me̋ƶa) vų̋m-a vų̋l-a: | n-ítu. (t-u) kétu fa̋c-u (e̋s-a): | vų̋m-a vų̋l-a ne: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| thus | not-thus | 2s-MOT beseech-IND | (large) debt-NOMs there.be-IND | not-thus (2sNOM) too kind (be-IND) | debt-NOM.SG there.be-IND ne |
- Notes:
- 1If understood from the context, the subject personal pronoun is omitted.
- 2A colon is used to mark the end of a sentence.
- 3A period is used instead of a comma.
| Excuse me. | That's all right. | I'm sorry. | What did you say? | Well-met! | Welcome! |
| šǫ̋ðome1: | no sűo e̋sa: | kı̋nos dą̋a: | e-tę̋ua2 ne: | sųmǫ̋daþu | sųǧe̋raþu |
|---|
| šǫ̋ð-o-me: | n-o sű-o e̋s-a: | kı̋n-os dą̋-a: | e=tę̋u-a ne: | sų-mǫ̋d-a-þu | sų-ǧe̋r-a-þu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pass-SBJV-Q | that-NOM.SG well-NOM.SG be-IND | tear-NOM.PL flow-IND | PST=pay.attention-IND not | well-meet-IND-PPTCP | well-receive-IND-PPTCP |
- Notes:
- 1The imperative is formed with the suffix -e, but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in -o.
- 2The prefix e- marks the past tense.
2. Questions and requests
| Where/When is/are...? | How much is/are...? | How far is...? | What is this? | What do you want? |
| ... náru/ᵹálu e̋sa1: | ... xőto vų̋a2: | ... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa: | xo so e̋sa: | tu xom ɱe̋ca3: |
|---|
| ... náru/ᵹálu e̋s-a | ... xőt-o vų̋-a | ... xót-u þı̋f-o e̋s-a | x-o s-o e̋s-a | t-u x-om ɱe̋c-a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ... where/when be-IND | ... how.much-NOM.SG be-IND | ... how.much-ADV far-NOM.SG be-IND | what-NOM.SG this-NOM.SG be-IND | 2s-NOM what-MOT.SG want-IND |
- Notes:
- 1When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix -me is omitted.
- 2There are two words for to be. e̋sa indicates a permanent condition, vų̋a a temporary one.
- 3Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
| What must I do? | Have you...? Do you sell...? | Is there...? | Have you seen...? | I would like .... | I do not want ... |
| mu xom kı̋u1 ke̋la: | tu ... fą̋rame: | ... vų̋lame: | tu ... nına̋kame2: | mu ... łę̋la3: | mu ... ɱe̋ca ne: |
|---|
| m-u x-om kı̋-u ke̋l-a | t-u ... fą̋r-a-me | ... vų̋l-a-me | t-u ... nı~na̋k-a-me | m-u ... łę̋l-a | m-u ... ɱe̋c-a ne |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s-NOM what-MOT.SG do-SUP must-IND | 2s-NOM ... sell-IND-Q | ... there.be-IND-Q | 2s-NOM ... PRSPF~see-IND-Q | 1s-NOM ... prefer-IND | 1s-NOM ...want-IND not |
- Notes:
- 1A verb dependent on another verb ends in -u. It is called the supine.
- 2The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is "i", "e", or "a", the weak vowel is "ı". If the verb's vowel is "ɔ", "o", or "u", the weak vowel is "y".
- 3 łę̋la, prefer or would like, is preferable to ɱe̋ca, want.
