Proto-Uralic/-ka

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Examples of this suffix:

Derivation

  • *piðə 'tall' → *piðkä 'id.' (BF, Smy)
  • *tu(x)lə 'wind' → tulka 'feather' (Janhunen 2008) (does have OU mth.)
  • *pä(x)lə 'side' → *pälkä 'thumb' (Janhunen 2008)
  • *ńä(x)lə- 'eat' → S *ńālkē 'tasty', F *nälkä 'hunger' (AASmy #1)
  • *pončə 'tail' → FS *počka 'thigh' (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
  • *ńërə 'cartilage' → S *ńōrkēs, Ma *nörɣə, OU *ńëërəɣ (but Mo *nar) (OR; cf. MZhVoc #2)
  • *pakša 'knot in tree' → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk -kä) (and BF *pahka?)
  • *pelə- 'to fear' → BF *pelko 'fear', *pelkät- 'to fear' (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
  • *päŋə 'head' → S *pāŋkē 'headstall' (OR)
  • *čüŋə → FS *čüŋkä (Koponen 2001)
  • Bionym extention group:
    • *pečä 'pine' → BF *petäkä 'id.'
    • *pićla 'rowan' → BF *pihlaka 'id.'
    • *säwnV 'ide' → BF *säynäkä 'id.'
    • *tokta 'Gavia arctica' → FS *toktaka 'id.' (or just S *toktēkē?)
  • Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
  • *werə 'blood' → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr 'id' (or *-w?)

Potential cases

With potentially related irregularities
  • Trisyllables (mostly limited to Finno-Permic)
    • *ńuləka 'fir' (Smy *ńulkå!)
    • #kajaka 'gull' (Mansi *kåjək)
    • #majaka 'beaver' (suffix not apparent in Permic)
    • BF *jalaka 'elm' (cf. *halaka, *salaka 'willow' ← Gmc)
    • BF *kataka 'juniper' (versus Samic *koačēvē 'prickly'?)
  • Mari *l(k) → *l (but also eg. *walka- → *wale-, *mälkə → *mel)
    • *śe/äälkä 'back' (~ Li sälga, S *čēlkē)
    • *jalka 'foot' (Ma *jal; but cf. *jälki)
  • Smy irregular *-ə
    • *woŋka 'hole' (cf. *oŋtə, *omtə 'hole'?)
    • *koðʲka 'spirit'
  • *śo/ëðka 'duck' (FSM *śoðka)
  • *tu/üðka 'prod'
Regular(ish)
  • *koska 'aunt'
  • *ńačka 'wet'
  • *waŋka 'handle'
  • *taŋka 'tassle'
  • *kaŋka 'dry place'
  • *puŋka 'clump'