Proto-Uralic/U

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F. *u, S. & Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊC / *u, P. *ɨ, H. o/uu, Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
FSM *u_a, Ms. *å/a, Smy. *ə
"to plait" *puno- *ponē- pona- *pʊnə- *pɨn- fon- *pån- *poon- *pən-
"facing down" *kumo/a- *komō- koma- *kʊmə- *kɨm- hom- *kåm- *koom- *kəmə-
"egg" *muna *monē mona *mʊnə - moń *man *moon *mənå
"to squeeze" *puserta- *počē- - *pʊnćə- *pɨdźɨrt- fačar- *pås- *poosər- -
"to melt, molten" *sula(-) - sola(-) *šʊlə- *sɨl(-) ol(vad) *talaa- *ɬoɬaa- -
"to extinguish" *kus-tu- *kopsē- - *kus- - - *kopəɬ- *kəptå-
"feather" *sulka *tolkē tolga - *tɨl(ɨ) toll *tåwəl *tokəɬ - Cf. *tuxli
"crook'd" *kura, *kurja - - - *kɨr- - - *kor *kərå -rj- fits Kh. better
"to blink" - - *końa-/ə- *kʊmə- *kuń- huń- *kåń- *koń- *kəń- F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". No clear cluster?
"land" *muta *moðē moda - - - - - *məjå
"to become happy" F. muju? *mojē- - - - - - - *məjə-
"stream" *voo *uvē ~ *ɤvē - - - - *åw- *ooɣ- -
"to hang" - *ko/ɤcō- - *kečə- *kɨš- - *kaš- *kooč- -
"mud" *kura - - - - - *kår- *koor -
"ice crust" - *čoðē - - - - *šaĺ *sooj -
"cloud(y)" F. kumuri - kovol - - homaaĺ *kåm- - -
"back" *muka- - - - - *məjå- Check AASmy
"to tell" *jutte- - jofta- - - *jaats-
"to play"
- - *jəptə-
"cloudberry" *muura- - - *mår-aak *moor-ək *mərå-ŋkå Check AASmy
"to hit" *puto- *poðō- - puðə- U. pɨĺ- ~ K. peĺ *påĺ- - *pəjä- Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
"block of wood" *luta *lotē - - - - - - *jəčə *-t- or *-č-?
"wide" - *komtē - *kʊmda - - - *komət -
"narrowing" - *čorō - - *śuur sor- *sarɯɯ *sart -
"male" *uros *orēs - - - uur - - -
"hill" *kumpa/u *kompō komba - *gɨb - - - - ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong
"outside" *ulko- *olkō- - - K. ɨlɤ- - - - -
"lazy" *tuhma *tosmē - - K. dɨš - - - - ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"?
"hair, bundle" *tukka/u - - #čuka *čɨk- - - - - also cf. H. čuk- "to clog"
"to rummage" *purka- *porkē- Er. purga- *pʊrɣə- - - - - - F. "dismantle"
"to strangle" *poo- *pūvē- pova- - *pɤd(ɨ)- fuul- - *pɯɯk- -
"to fish with a net" - *koltē- - - - - *kult- *kåål- Se. qoldɛi- *kulk(i)-ta- ?
"stern" *tuhto *totkō - Hi. tɤktɤ K. tɨk tat *tokt *tokət *tətə F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
"to cross water" - *mokcē- - - - - - - *məčå-
"dew" *lɤpsē ĺe/akš *lʊpš K. lɨs *jəptå- S. *o → ɤ / _p
"(to) crumble" *mure/u- *morē, *moarrɤ- - - - mar *mur- *moor- *mərə
"major river" *juka *jokɤ - - - - - - *jəkå + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki?
"finger" - *sūvðē - - - ujj *tuĺaa' *ɬååj *təjå
"(to) bore" *pura *porē - - *pɨr fuur #pOr *por *pər- Cf. IE
"bubble" *kupla *koplē - *kʊwəl - hoĺag *kɯɯwl *komḷəŋ - *-ml-?
"to bewitch" *lumot- *lomō- - *lʊmə- - - - - -
"bowl" *kuppV *skoppē kopo - - - - - -
"to yelp, sob" - *noskē- Er. noska- - - - - - - F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom.
"axe; knife" - *čorkkō - - - - N. śoxri *ćo(o)kər - OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr?
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FSM *u_i, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
"pole" *ulku *olkɤ olga - K. ɨl - *uj
"to go" *kulke- *kolkɤ- koĺge- - K. kɨlal- halad- - *kååkəɬ- *kəj- Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
"to pee" *kuse- *końčɤ- - *kʊźa- *kudź- huuɟ- *kunć- *kos- *kunsə-
"marten" Es. nugis - - *n/ńiź ńust *ńåks *ńokəs TN noxo
"tube" *pucki *pockɤ počko *pʊč - - - - *pučə
"flurry" *purku *porkɤ Er. porga- ~
Mk. purga-
Me. purɣə- K. pɨra forr *pårkɯɯj *porkaaj *purət- or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong
"skis" *suksi - soks - - - *tåwt *ɬok *tutə
"to kno" *tunte- *tomtɤ- - - *tod- tud- - - *tumtə-
"20" - - komś - *kɨź huus *kuus *koos - *ms → *ws in Ug.?
"grass" *nurmi *ńormɤ - - - - *ńuurəm *ńåårəm -
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargo - - - - - *kərə
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FSM *u_i, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
"turn, to get lost" - *jorɤ- - - U. jɨromɨ-
K. jɨr "depth"
†jorgo- "pity" *jårəɣl- *jorəɣɬ-, *jooɣər- jü/urə- *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong
"to spawn" *kute- *koðɤ- - - K. kuĺmɨ- *kuĺ- *kååj- -
"to wear" *kulu- *kolɤ- - - K. gɨlal- - *kål- *kolaa- -
"cleft" *kuru/i- - - *kʊrək K. kɨr hor- - *koor - S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong
"(to) coff" - *kosɤ- koz(o-) - *kɨz(ɨ)- - - *koɬ- *kot-
"10" *luke-/u *lokɤ/ē- Er. lovo- ~
Mk. luvə-
*lu *lɨd olvaš- *låw *loŋət- ? - F, Mo "to read", P. "number" (suffix'd?), H. metathesis?
"sno" *lumi *lomɤ lov *lʊm *lɨmɨ lom - - *jom-
"bone" *luu - lovaža *lu *lɨ - *luw *ɬoɣ *lɤ Ms. *u near labials?
"to pass by" - *molɤ- mole- - - muul- *mul- - - Ms. *u near labials?
"to bite" *pure- *porɤ- poŕe- *pʊra- *puur(ɨ)- - *pur- *por- *por- Ms. *u near labials?
"to blo" *puhu- *posō- - - K. puškɨ- fuu- *put- *poɬaa- Se. puttu? Ms. *u near labials?
"side" - - - - K vɨj - *wujəl - - Ms *u near labial? Tv wɤjəl
"summer" *suvi *sɤŋɤ- - - - - *tuj *ɬoŋ *təŋ Ms. *u ?!
"to come" *tule- *tolɤ- - *tola- - talaal- - - *toj-
"fire" *tuli *tolɤ tol *tʊl *tɨl - - - *tuj
"to learn" - - tona- *tʊnə- *tun(a)- *tanul- - - *təntå- see AASmy
"morning" - - - - - hol- #kOl- *kol- SSm *kər
"new" *uuci *oðɤ *od *u *vɨĺ uuj - - - F. length from *wu-?
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"moon" *kuu Lu. kuojijti- *koŋ - - hoov - *kow *kïj
"mouth" *suu *čovɤ, *čontɤk - šu - saaj *suup, *saw? *sooɣaa *so
*u_i, FP only
"to cram" *cuŋki- *coŋkɤ- toŋgo- *čʏŋɣər K. čɨgəm - - - - H. dug "to squeeze" ← Trc *dïg "id."
"to press" - *norɤ- - - *nɨr- - - - -
"to sharpen" - *čokɤ- śuvo- - - - - - -
"sleep" *uni - on - - - - - - ← IE?
"to depart" *urke- - orgo- - - - - - -
"to enquire" *utele- *ocɤ- - - - - - - -
Long (?)
"to hear" *kuule- *kūlɤ- kuĺe- *kola- *kɨl- hall- *kaal- *kåål- - Cf. Smy *kåw "ear"
"wind; feather" *tuuli - - Me. tul *tɤl - - - *tuəj or something like *ow?
"to ro" *sowta- *sūkɤ- - *šua- K. sɨn- - *tåw- *ɬaaɣ- *tu- *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
"sheep" *uuhi ~ *utti - uča *ʊžɣa *ɨž - *aaš *aač - ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
"to swim" *ui- *vōjɤ- uje- *iä- *uuj- uus- *uj- *uj- *u- S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip"
Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu
"6" *kuuci *kūtɤ koto *kut *kwat hat *kaat *kuut -
"to call" *kuccu- *koččō- - - - - - *kuuť- -
"herd of reindeer" - *čorɤk - - - - *šaar- *suur -
"eyebrows; temple" *kulma - - - - - - *kuuĺəm - S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
"birch" - - - - *kɨdź - *kåš- *kuuńć - If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es-
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F u ~ M u (probably adstratal)
"stem" *runko *roŋkē Er. rungo
~ Mk ronga
- - - - - - ← Gmc *skrunkaz
"bump" *muhka *mokšē Er. muška - - - - - - ~ Ru. myška "mousie"?
"wood" *huhta - *šuftə - - - - - -
"broken" *luhVj - *luža- - - - - - -
"lichen" *luppV *lɤppō - nupəń
To sort
"sack" - *pūðā - - - - - - *påtə
"top" F. sukka *čokkɤ - - *ćuuk - *ćak- *ćäk *sok
"body" - *korōntē - - - - *kur- *kor #kər Check Smy.
"tin, lead" - - - *wulnə - oon *ålən *oolnə
"curve" *mutka - - - - - - - *måcə
"frost" *kuura *korā - - *gɤɤr har - - -
"pole" - *sosō *šočko - *džadž - - - Se. čoočə
"him/her" *hän *son son - U. so ~ K. sɨ öö *täw *ɬöɣ - *u ~ *ü
"prod" *tutka- *tūðkē Er. totka (!!) - U. tuĺɨm tööɟ *täĺək *töj - *u ~ *ü
"(to) shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźe- *pʊškəða- - foš *påć *påť - S. *o→ ɤ / p_
"clump" *puŋka *pūŋkē pokoĺ - U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ - *paak #pooŋkəḷ - H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle"
"reindeer knee" - *pūnčēs - - U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs - - - *punsV K. M > F /_Ć ?
"narrow, top" *suppa *čūppɤ, NS čoppe - - *śoop-, K. ćup sup-, čuup - - -

[ F. suippu from × huippu

"(to) dry" *kujva(-) Lu. kuife - - - - - *kojəm- -
"thin" *hupa Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva(ńä) - - - šovaań - - - *č-
"to speak" *jutte- - jovta- - - jaat- - - -
"to feel" *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- - muje- *mooa- *mååď- - mu(u)t- *muuj- - Rather *o
"door" *uksi *ūksɤ - - *ɤs - - - - Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
"groove, path" *ura - ur- - - - *uuraj #wuuri - Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove"
"udder" *utar - odar *wadar - - - - - ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade
"ash; lye" - *kūnɤ - *kon K. kun - - - - ← IE
"to lose; to spoil; to hide" *hukkat- - - *čɨk- - čuk- - - #təkå- Or F. ← Gmc *sukka
"pole" - L. sosso *čočkə - *džadž - - - Sk. čoočə
"collar" - - - - - - *rɤɤkʷ *rook - Rather *o? Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
"to chew, gnaw" - - - - - raag- "L. rågn-" - *luŋkəj-
"lily, onion" - - - - - - T taŋkəl VV *ɬooɣəɭ #tokul *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh?
"to divide" - - - - *šɨr- irt-, †ort- - *ɬort- *tarV-
"tip, sharp thing" *hui *sōjɤ - - *šɨ ~ *ši - - - - S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim"
"to wash" *huhto- - *kšta- - - - - - - Probably adstratal, *šukšta-
"mortar" *huhmar ~ Ka huumar - *šovar *šuar - - - - -
"gruel" F huttu
"lip; mouth" *huuli ? - - - - - *ɬuuɬ - What does does S. *sūlɤ "approximate" have to do with this?
"down; beard" F untuva - - - - - - - #muntV- Bad. Slk *untə
"be forgotten" *unV-hta- - - - *vun(et)- - - - - F better from "sleep"
"up" - - - - - - *num *nuum, *nååmən #num, Sk *nom
"up" - - - - - - - *nuuk #ńAŋtV Cf. prev.
"to scrape" F nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- - - *nuže- - - - *noɬ- *nət-
"moss" - - - - K ńɨč(k) - - - *ńåTA-
"to flay" - - - - U ńi/ɨj- ńuuz- Tv nooj-, *ńuj- - - "see *ńowə-"
"fir" - - - *nʊlɣə *ńɨl *ńulV *ńalkə #ńulkV
"steep" - - - - *ńɨl- - *ńul-təŋ - -
"to rest" - - Er. nuvśe-,
Mo. nuva-
- - ńug(os)- *ńuunt- *ńooɣəɬ- *ńuŋ(əś)-
"midge" - - - *lʊməj U nɨmɨ ~ K nom - - - -
"midge" - - - (*lʊmə) U ĺum - *ĺVməj - -
"club" *nuhja ~ *nujja - - nöšle- U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) - - - -
"marten" - - - *lʊj - - "loisa" - Sk lokka, Ma lui
"downstream" - *lū- - - - - *luuj- *laŋa
"wet" Es lopp(a) - *lop(a)- *lʊp- K lap- - - - -
"weak" - - - *lʊš(kə)- K. lɨškɨd - - - -
"horse" - - - - - √lov- *luw *laaw-, V looɣ- - also F. lupo "stallion"?
"path" F. juntu - - - - - *jåš *jooč -
"middle" - - - - - - - *jäčə *jončV
"to bind" - - - - *jɨt- - - - FN jūťe-
"pine" - - - - - - *ji(i)w *juuɣ *jɤ best *jëxə?
"fierce; strong" F julma - - - *joonm- - - - -
"god" *jumala - ? *jʊmə - - - - - + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ?
"inside" - - - - - joh, juh *juw, *jun *jo(o)ɣ -
"to come" - - - - - jut- *jåkt- *joɣət- - Cf. *ju/ota-?
"hump" *mukula - - *mʊɣəĺ *mɨĺ(i) - - - - -ĺ-??
"trough, scoop" F kuiri/u - - - *gɨr - *kʷaaro *kuurə #kuj
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