Permic

The Permic languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken in west-central Russia. The family is divided to Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.

Vowels

Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.

A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:

• Stable vowels: *i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a
  • Regular origins: *u, *ü_a → *ɨ; *ü_i *i → *i; *ë → *uu; ??; *ëx → *ɤ; ??
    • Presumably: y → ʉ / _a, then u → ʉ, finally y ʉ → i ɨ.
  • Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
• Derounding (short?) vowels: *ö *o *u → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
  • Origins largely irregular, but *ä → *o may be regular
  • (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
• A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
  • Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos (). May be simply due to an open syllable.
  • Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
  • In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/. (? *wolka, *woča)
• A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *aa *åå → U. /a a/ ~ K. /ɤ o/
  • Regular origins: *äl → *aa, *#(k)o_a → *(k)wåå (*kački-, *kota, *kolo, korwa, *kośki)
• The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.

Conditional developments

• Udmurt *o → a / [-alv]_l (*kälä-tä- *kälü *käwðə *pälä *śälä- *wäðä → kalt- kaĺi kal pal ćal- val; but *tälwä *täwðə → tol dol)
• Komi *oo → a / _# (*mêti *wêti *sêti sEti → ma va sa za)
• Komi *ɨ → i / #ć_ (*ćilV → ; U ćɨrɨ, Ma carä ~ ćir; common also non-initially)
• Udmurt (*uu, *oo →) u → ɨ / _ĺ. (*kaðʲa- *koðʲV- *koðʲka *kujV-lV- *ńeljä #ćOlćV #EðʲV- → kɨĺ- kɨĺ- kɨĺ kɨĺĺɨ- ńɨĺ ćɨĺćo ɨĺ)
  • but NB bisyllabic *moðʲa *tuðʲkajm → mu.ĺɨ tu.ĺɨm

Awaiting explanation

K → ↓ U	i	e	ɨ	ɤ	a	u	o
i	(*i)	/i/ ~ /(j)e/ (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɨ-/)	*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä
e		(*e)		*pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća - all a-stems		*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-
ɨ		*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɨ or *ɤɤ	(*ɨ)	(*ɤɤ)		(*u)	*läkti-, *mäjaka, *saala, *kaasi, *wotta-
ɤ	*kiwi	*pÄĺka	*nôla, *jäŋi	(*ɤ)		*purnV	*kAl-, *oksi-
a		*käliw, *orja, *pićla (*ää?)		(*aa)	(*a)		(*åå)
u		*satVr	*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa	*śüćV, *süD´än	*wanša	(*uu)	(*oo)
o	*wixća-, *wita	(*ö)		(*o)	*čokV-

• /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
• /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)

Note the trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from *ä (including *o.)

Standard Proto-Permic:

	Close #1			Close #2				Mid				Open
Proto-Permic (Sammallahti)	*ɪ	*ɪ̵	*ʏ, *ʊ	*i	*ʉ	*ɨ	*y, *u	*e	*ɤ	*ɵ	*o	*a
Proto-Permic (Itkonen)	*i	*ɨ	*u	*e	*ɵ		*o	*ɛ	*ʌ		*ɔ	*a
Komi	i	ɨ	u	e		ɤ	o	†ɛ → e	ɤ		†ɔ → o	a	ɤ	o	ɤ	e	u
Komi-Yazva	i	ɵ	u	iː		ɨː	uː	e	ɵ		o	a	?	?	?	?	?
Udmurt	i	ɨ	‡u	e	ɤ	ɨ	‡u	e		o	u	a			ɤ	o	ɨ
My Proto-P.	*i	*ɨ	*uu	*e1 (*ee?)		*ɤɤ	*oo1	*e2		*o	*oo2	*a	*aa	*åå	*ɤ	*ö	*u

† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.

Consonants

Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast (outside of the change of initial *r → ? *dr → /dʐ/ in Udmurt), and some words even have voiced/voiceless variants.

In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:

• *künčə >> *kidž > *giž
• *kenta >> *kid > *gid
• *kënta >> *kVd > K. gɨd
• *kumpa >> *kɨb > *gɨb
• *pončə >> *bɤɤdž > *bɤɤž
• *sonta >> *suud > *zuud
• *sompa >> *sVb > K. zɨb
• *čeŋkə >> *čog > U. džog, žog

In Komi this is more common than in Udmurt:

• *pontə >> *pVd > U. pud~bud, K. bed
• *š/čamćə >> *šoodź > U. šudź, K. žodź
• *kansa >> *kooz > U. kuz, K. goz
• *puŋka >> *pVg > U. pog, K. bug

Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:

• *tOmpɜ- >> *tɨb- > *dɨb-; Hu. dob- ("to knock" ~ "to thro", could be onomatopoetic. Check Trc)

However, the change is far from fully general:

• *kunćə > *kɨdź "birch"
• *kunćə > *kudź "urine" (+ *kunćə-lə "ant")
• *tumtə- > *tod-
• *künta > *kɨd
• *čiŋka > *čög
• *pEntɜ > *pod
• *šoŋkɜ > *šoog
• *čêŋka > *čog
• *ś/ćäŋkɜ > *ćeeg
• *kunćɜ > *kVdź (> U. kidźi-ĺi, K. këdźɨl)
• *komta₂ > K. kud
• *konćɜ > K. kadź (cf. *ko(n)ć-ka > K. kaćka)
• *sVŋśa- > K. sidź-
• *süntə- > K. sod-
• #šäŋtə > K. šogdi (bisyllabic? a derivativ?)
• *pinta > U. ped
• S *tōŋkē ~ *tuug
• BF *kään-tä- ~ *ködž- (bad; BF a causativ)
• Ma *kində ~ *kɨd
• Ma *pʊndaš ~ *pɨdəs
• ObU *ćumpəl ~ *ćib
• ObU *kïïnt ~ *kuud
• Kh *pänt ~ K. pad

(*goobɨ "mushroom" is a Slavic loan with a voiced initial to begin with.)

There are sporadically also similar examples not from nasals.

With sibilants

• Kh *kaač ~ *goož (or ← *keŋäč? via *keŋčä??)
• NKh *xiiš ~ *këëdžɨ > U. gɨdžɨ, K. kɨž
• Kh *toɬ ~ *dooz
• Smy *sisə ~ *kidźɨ > U. kidźɨ, K. giź

but not:

• *kaćɜ- > *koodź-
• #kAśɜ- > K. kaźal-
• #kośɜ → *kuuź
• #kowsə > #kwëëz
• *kusə- > *kɨzɨ-
• *ku(m?)śɜ > *kɨź
• *küsä > *kɨz
• *pečä > *poožɨm
• *pesä > *pooz
• *pEšä- > K. pëž-
• *pëśi > pë/ɨź
• *po(n?)ši- > *pooš-
• #pïča > *puuž
• *pućir- > *pɨdźɨrt-
• *puśVn > *pɨź
• OU *kaač- ~ K. kuž-
• OU pii/es- ~ K. po(d)ź-
• MS pi/äs ~ pɨ/idźes
• Kh *köćəp ~ *kadź (could be *kVnśɜ-pɜ)
• Ma *kaśkə ~ U. kuź
• Ma *kiźe- ~ *kedźɨt
• Ma *pʊš ~ *pɨž
• Mo *kužə ~ *kuuš
• Mo pe/ižä ~ *po/ež
• F paahta- ~ *pɤɤž-
• S *kācāt- ~ K kadž

With -Rd-

• ObU *pɛɛrt ~ bördɨ (← IE *bʰrdʰ-?, late loan? *pijrə-tä-?)
• Ms *kürtəɣ ~ *goorda

—Medial *Rd is itself irregular; also in:

• FV *ertä ~ *oord (← preII *erdʰ-, late loan?)
• S #šerta ~ Ma šərt ~ U šurd ~ H ördög (~ Ru. čert, H ~ Ir.?)
• F kaltea ~ *këld
• Ma *wu/#ʊrðe- ~ *vörd- (*wirä-tä- per vocalism?)

but not:

• *käl-tä- > *kaalt-
• *ćëël-ta- > *ćëlt-
• *ko/ërt ← II *kārt-
• Sm *poarttē ~ *pu/ërt
• Sm *kërtë- ~ *kort
• Mo *mirďɜ ~ *moort (← II *mr̥t-)
• Mo *nurdə ~ *noort
• Ma *šʏrtə ~ *šort
• Smy #jüru ~ *joort

With plain sonorants

(TODO: *k-, *p-R-)

• *tar > U, K. dorɨn
• *täwðə > *dol
• *tüŋə > *diŋ
• OU *ti/ään ~ *doon
• Ma *tʏr ~ *door
• Ma *tʊɣər ~ de/ëra

but not:

• *panə- > *pon-
• *pańa- > K. poń--
• *päŋə > *pooŋ
• *penä > K. *poon
• *penɜ > *poon-ɤĺ
• *peńə > U. puńɨ, K. pań
• *piðʲmətä > *peĺmɨt
• *pilwə > *pil(--)
• *piŋə > *piń
• *puna- > *pun-
• *tara- > K. taral-
• *tarna > *tuurɨn
• *tälwä > *tol
• *tërəka > *tuuri
• *tolwa > *tul
• *tOrkɜ > K. tor
• *tulka > *tɨlɨ
• *tulə > *tɨl
• *tuna- > *tuun-
• #tuwlə > *tɤl
• *türə > *tɨr
• OU *tolək ~ K. tɨl
• H tér- ~ *te/ër-
• Mo. *pińəmə ~ K. panol
• Er tarďe- ~ K. tural-
• F *tallat- ~ K. taĺ-
• F *tetri ~ U. tur, K. tar
• Fi pelme ~ pe/ëńm