User:Masako/sandbox
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moj
Thematic Lexicon
time
- moment, instant - imahi
- occasion | present, now (yet) - ima
- hour, period - imaha
- day - yoma
- week (7 days) - sema
- month (~30 days) - huama
- season - amahi
- time, year (~365 days) - ama
- era - amaha
- past - amaye
- future - amatli
- always, forever - kuama
- never - amak
borrowings
syllable structure
- (C)V(k, l, m, n)
syllable stress
- Kala stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.
Grammar
word order
- The usual, declarative formal word order is subject noun phrase - (object noun phrase) - verb phrase.
- The "indirect object" exists only in the form of a prepositional phrase, and follows the object noun phrase.
- Example : The woman gives the house to me.
- This construction changes when both the subject (agent) and (indirect)/object (patient) are personal pronouns. In this case, the preposition/al (phrase) is unnecessary.
- Example : She gives the house to me.
- A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
| 1st sing | 2nd sing | 3rd sing | 1st plu | 2nd plu | 3rd plu | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing | - | na'eta | na'eha | - | na'etam | na'ekam |
| 2nd sing | ta'ena | - | ta'eha | ta'enam | - | ta'ekam |
| 3rd sing | ha'ena | ha'eta | - | ha'enam | ha'etam | ha'ekam |
| 1st plu | - | nameta | nameha | - | nametam | namekam |
| 2nd plu | tamena | - | tameha | tamenam | - | tamekam |
| 3rd plu | kamena | kameta | kameha | kamenam | kametam | - |
verbs
tense
- The present tense is indicated by the basic form.
- The simple past tense is indicated by the suffix -ye.
- The simple future tense is indicated by the suffix -tli.
- The tense may be left out if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same sentence, or when telling a story (the "historical" tense).
mood
- The negative mood is indicated by the suffix -k, it is affixed in all tenses.
nouns
degree
- The diminutive is formed with hi- and hy- when the word is vowel initial, unless the vowel is i or u, then it is placed as the suffix -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.
- Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet
- Example : haya - animal | hi'aya - cub, kitten...etc. | hayaha - beast, giant animal
- Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | hitsaka - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion
- These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
- Example : hiyana - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green
plurals
- To make a noun plural, add -m to the end.
- Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
- Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
gender
- In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings -ta and -na.
- Example : nikata "a male dog", nikana "a female dog".
articles
- There is only one article in Kala, ke. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
- It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
- Example : kama "village", ke kama "the/a village", ke kamam "the villages"
- Example : inal "snack", ke inal "the/a snack", ke inalim "the snacks"
questions
- When asking questions in Kala, the idea, or concept, is the subject, and the entire construction is followed by the interrogative particle ka.
- ama...ka - when, lit: time...INT
- ko...ka - who, lit: person [Agentive]...INT
- nye...ka - why, lit: reason...INT
- to...ka - what, lit: thing [Instrument]...INT
- koyo...ka - whose, lit: person-POSS...INT
- mo...ka - where, lit: place...INT
- no...ka - how, what manner, lit: manner/method...INT
- ko'o...ka - how much/many, lit: number/amount...INT
examples
- ama nam yalatli ka
- time 1PL go-FUT INT
- When will we go?
- ko ke tlaka ka
- person the/that man INT
- Who is that man?
- nye kam hina ka
- reason 3PL here INT
- Why are they here?
- to a ka
- thing be INT
- What is this?
- koyo kama ke yama hina ka
- person-POSS village the mountain near INT
- Whose village is near the mountain?
- mo nayo satila ka
- place 1SG-POSS sandwich INT
- Where is my sandwich?
- no nam yalatli ka
- manner 1PL travel-FUT INT
- How will we travel?
- ko'o ekam yetaye ka
- number/amount TR-3PL give-PAST INT
- How many were they given?
pronouns
| Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Reflexive | Reciprocal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing | na | ena | nayo | na'i | |
| 2nd sing | ta | eta | tayo | ta'i | |
| 3rd sing | ha | eha | hayo | ha'i | |
| 1st plu | nam | enam | namyo | nami | nanku |
| 2nd plu | tam | etam | tamyo | tami | tanku |
| 3rd plu | kam | ekam | kamyo | kami | kanku |
examples
- namyo ina
- 1PL-POSS food
- Our food.
- kami itsa
- 3PL-REFL love
- They love themselves.
- tanku moto ka
- 2PL-RECP remember/familiar INT
- Do you remember each other?
- eha unyatlik
- ACC-3SG understand-FUT-NEG
- He/She will not be understood.
Thematic Lexicon
colors
- red - ketla
- orange - tliyo
- yellow - yana
- green - kuya
- blue - tsuku
- indigo, violet, purple - tlaku
- white, pale - nyahi
- black, dark - oya
- clear - yehi
time
- moment, instant - imal
- occasion | present, now (yet) - ima
- hour, period - imat
- day - yoma
- week (7 days) - sema
- month (~30 days) - huama
- season - amal
- time, year (~365 days) - ama
- era - amat
- past - amaye
- future - amatli
- always, forever - kuama
- never - amak
Examples
- mo ta yala ka
- place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part
- Where are you going?
- nam tsala inaye
- 1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST
- We ate the sauce.
- ko tayo onatam ka
- person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part
- Who are your parents?
- na yalaye nye ta talaye
- 1SG go-PAST because 2SG return-PAST
- I left because you returned.
sayoma
| yoma | sayo | anyo |
|---|---|---|
| ya'o | pa'o | uema'o |
