Draga
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Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | post-velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosives: | t̪ | tz ʈ | kʷ kʲ | q | ʔ | |||
| ejectives: | p (pʼ) | tʼ | c (cʼ) | |||||
| aspirates: | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | qʰ | ||||
| fricative: | f (ʰɸ) | (ð) | s | ʃ | (x) | ʜ ɦ | ||
| liquids: | w | l | j | |||||
| trills: | ʙ̥ | r̥ | ʀ̥ | |||||
| nasals: | m | (n̪) | (n) | ɲ | ||||
| implosives: | ɓ (ʘ) | ǃ |
Vowels
| i | ʊ | |||||||||||
| ʷɔˑ | ||||||||||||
| ə | ɚ | |||||||||||
| æ |
Orthography
Transcription of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,ñ,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,w,x,y,z - and both the single-quote ( ' ) and double-quote ( " ) symbols to represent the sounds. In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: á í ú.
Consonants
| p | - /pʼ/, /p/ |
| t | - /tʰ/ |
| t' | - /tʼ/ |
| ty | - /ʈ/ |
| c | - /cʼ/, /c/ |
| q | -/q/ |
| ph | - /pʰ/ |
| ch | - /cʰ/ |
| qh | - /qʰ/ |
| f | - /f/; /ʰɸ/ before 'w': fw /ʰɸw/ |
| s | - /s/ |
| m | - /m/ |
| ñ | - /ɲ/; /n̪/ before 'd': ñd /n̪ð/ |
| w | - /w/; /ʘ/ following initial syllabic 'm': mw /mʘ/ |
| l | - /l/ |
| y | - /j/ |
| d | - /t̪/ initially, /d̪/ medially, /ð/ after 'ñ': ñd /n̪ð/ |
| j | - /tz/ |
| x | - /ʃ/ |
| h | - /ʜ/, /x/ before 'l' or 'w', /ç/ before 'y' |
| g | - /ɦ/ |
| b | - /ɓ/ |
| z | - /ǃ/ |
| p" | - /ʙ̥/ |
| t" | - /r̥/ |
| q" | - /ʀ̥/ |
Vowels
| i | /i/ |
| í | /i↑/ , /i↘/ |
| ií | /i↗/ |
| a | /æ/ |
| á | /æ↑/ , /æ↘/ |
| aá | /æ↗/ |
| o | /ʊ/ |
| ú | /ʊ↑/ , /ʊ↘/ |
| uú | /ʊ↗/ |
| e | /ə/ |
| ou | /ʷɔˑ/ |
| r | /ɚ/ |
Syllable and Word Structure
Sentence Structure
Speech Act Particles
Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, Speech Act Indicators. A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but a Speech Act Particle:
Evidentials
| huia | 1st Person Objective, i.e. "I experienced it (external)" |
| fwuia | 1st Person Visual. i.e. "I witnessed it" |
| awo | 1st Person Auditory, i.e. "It sounds like to me" |
| ía | 1st Person Subjective, i.e. "I experienced it (internal)" |
| skyea-tae | 1st Person Psionic i.e. "I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc." |
| ámiña | ,i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it" |
| ámiñ-tae | ,i.e. "I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it" |
| (a) phx-a | ,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he experienced it" |
| aphx.a-tae | ,i.e. "I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it" |
Mood Indicators
